In early October 2020, shares in BP (LSE: BP) fell to a multi-decade low as investors rushed to dump their holdings of the oil and gas giant, questioning its very survival.
Today the firm’s outlook could not be more different. A mismatch between supply and demand was already causing prices to rise at the beginning of the year, before the war in Ukraine added fuel to the fire.
What followed has to be one of the biggest ever U-turns in global energy policy. Only a couple of months ago, policymakers were setting out plans to reduce global hydrocarbon production for good, but now they’re rushing to drive up supply.
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The government recently approved Shell’s (LSE: SHEL) Jackdaw field, east of Aberdeen, which has the potential to produce 6.5% of Britain's gas output, after rejecting it on environmental grounds in October.
Unfortunately, it is going to take months if not years for supply to match the world’s seemingly insatiable demand for hydrocarbons. Even major swing producers – namely the Opec cartel – are struggling to ramp up output despite higher production targets.
The supply and demand imbalance has sent prices surging
Global oil and gas markets have responded the only way free markets know how when demand outweighs supply – prices have spiked.
The Brent crude oil benchmark has jumped to $120 a barrel, returning to levels not seen since 2008. Meanwhile, natural gas prices in the US are up by nearly 160% in the past 12 months (while in the UK and European markets prices have risen by 150% and 227% respectively – gas is not a global market). Some analysts are now speculating that oil prices could hit $180 or more in the months ahead.
In this environment it is not surprising that BP and its Big Oil peers are minting cash. BP announced bumper profits for the first quarter of 2022 while Shell’s quarterly income hit a record. Refinitiv broker projections for BP are currently estimating a 48% jump in income for 2022. Shell’s earnings look likely to more than double, from $1.72 per share to $4.80.
Rishi Sunak’s windfall tax on North Sea oil producers has done little to dampen City growth expectations. According to analysts at Citigroup, because of spending on decommissioning of aged-out infrastructure, these Big Oil producers are already “tax negative” in the UK. That said, analysts at Jefferies have estimated that the tax could cost BP $100m in 2022 and $800m in 2023, just 5% of total group net profit.
Investors should not overlook BP’s progress
BP is not the organisation it was the last time the price of Brent crude was above $100 a barrel. Its return on average capital employed (ROACE) – the company’s preferred measure of operating performance – hit 12.1% in 2021 compared to 9.9% eight years ago.
The company has also moved on from the 2010 Gulf of Mexico disaster, reduced its debt and outlined a plan to reduce its exposure to oil and gas by boosting renewable energy output.
Still, at face value, the stock does not seem to reflect the company’s improving trading performance. Shares in BP are selling at a forward price/earnings (p/e) ratio of 4.9 according to Refinitiv broker estimates. Shares in Shell command a valuation of just 5.8.
These multiples also do not seem to be taking into account these companies’ plans to return more cash to investors. BP currently yields 4.3% while Shell supports a distribution of 3.8%. It is also expected to spend $12bn repurchasing its own shares, according to analysts at RBC and Bernstein. This was the biggest cash return in the sector until American oil giant ExxonMobil (NYSE: XOM) outlined plans to buy back a staggering $30bn worth of stock.
They’re making money today, but investors shouldn’t forget the fact that these two businesses jointly announced some of the largest losses in British corporate history in 2020 after the price of oil briefly turned negative. And these hefty losses forced both companies to reduce their shareholder payouts, underlining the fragile nature of oil company dividends.
A constant struggle to maintain output and maintain profits
Oil and gas producers face a constant struggle to maintain production. An oil well requires continual investment to maintain production, and sooner or later, the well will run dry. BP and its peers are always looking for new prospects and this costs huge amounts of money.
According to equity analysts at Bernstein, BP has spent about $87bn on oil and gas and green projects since 2016. That’s compared to operating cash flows over the same period of $113bn. Without the surge in oil prices last year, the group would have struggled to cover its capital spending plans.
These figures illustrate the biggest issue these operators face: the need to keep investing and keep spending even if oil prices collapse.
BP and its peers are also having to invest large sums of money in developing green energy projects. These projects are not going to produce returns immediately, and could prove to be a drag on profits for years to come, only adding to the uncertainty for these enterprises.
As such, while shares in Shell and BP do look cheap at first glance, investors need to carefully consider where these businesses are heading and the challenges they may face going forward. Windfall oil profits may only be temporary, while capital spending obligations are forever. Investors need to consider the risks of both before adding these stocks to their portfolio.
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