What is the 4% rule in retirement?

Retirement costs are constantly changing but one rule has stood the test-of-time to ensure retirees don’t run out of money – the 4% pension rule.

Retirees have enjoyed pension freedoms for a decade now, giving people the flexibility to access their hard-earned pension pot from age 55 without the requirement to only take an annuity or enter drawdown.

This has raised fears that people would run out of money, making it important to plan how you use the funds.

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Deciding when to start accessing your pension savings, and how much to withdraw, can be tricky.

After years of setting money aside, you will have the freedom to withdraw money as you please, and spend it on the lifestyle you desire.

This decision can influence how long the money lasts – and ultimately how comfortable your retirement is.

As well as hopefully enjoying the returns from your pension savings, money still needs to be available for bills and possibly your own long-term care.

That is especially important as the cost of retirement is rising. Inflation could increase further amid Trump tariffs and ongoing geopolitical tensions. "It’s well known that most people are starting to plan for their retirement too late in life and do not have enough saved for a comfortable retirement," Brian Byrnes, head of personal finance at Moneybox, tells MoneyWeek.

Additionally, research from Pensions UK, a trade body, suggests retirees need an income of £43,900 per year for a "comfortable retirement". For a couple, the joint figure needed is £60,600 a year.

According to wealth manager Quilter, that could mean you will need a pension pot of £682,000 to achieve a 'comfortable’ retirement.

Beyond putting enough away, you also need to consider how much to withdraw to ensure the money lasts throughout your golden years.

Research by Fidelity shows how a rule called the 4% pension rule may be able to help you plan your retirement, and ensure your money lasts as long as you do.

Using historical market data, Fidelity modelled how a £100,000 pension pot invested in global shares would have performed over the decade, when setting withdrawals at 4% and increasing them each year by inflation.

It found that a pension pot worth £100,000 from 2015 onwards would now have £189,000 remaining – nearly double their starting amount.

In contrast, a withdrawal rate of 5% would have left a retiree with £169,809 after 10 years, dropping to £150,642 if taking 6% and £131,474 at 7%.

Source: Fidelity

We explain what the 4% rule is and how it works.

What is the 4% pension rule in retirement?

• The 4% rule helps ensure you don’t withdraw too much from your pension pot
• The guidance suggests you take 4% of your total fund in the first year of retirement
• You then take this amount out of your pension every year, adjusted for inflation
• Following the 4% rule could help your pension pot last 30 years

The 4% rule is a guideline figure of how much retirees should take from their fund in the first year of withdrawals.

Under this principle, they would then take the same monetary amount (adjusted for the rate of inflation) each year.

For example, if your pension pot is worth £500,000, you could withdraw £20,000 in the first year of your retirement. If inflation is 2% during that year, then in the second year you would withdraw £20,400.

This should ensure that your pension pot will support you through a 30-year retirement, in almost any economic environment. For that reason it is often referred to as the “safe withdrawal rate”.

Academics at the American Association of Individual Investors devised the 4% rule in retirement back in 1998 after researching a sustainable withdrawal rate for a retirement pot that wouldn’t deplete the savings.

It looked at data from 1926 to 1995 and found that a rate of 3-4% is “extremely unlikely to exhaust any portfolio of stocks and bonds"."As a rule of thumb, the 4% rule is a good place to start when thinking about how much you need to save for retirement," Olly Cheng, director of financial planning at Rathbones Group, tells MoneyWeek. "It is a nice benchmark rate to use, and therefore lets people set a simple target to see if they are on track with their savings."

The idea is that it works with another mantra, the 25x rule.

This suggests that saving 25 times your annual expenses can provide a target retirement nest egg based on the 4% withdrawal rate.

Can I rely solely on the 4% pension rule?

• The 4% rule is a guide, and a different pension drawdown rule may suit you better
• Some analysts suggest the 4% rule is outdated owing to upcoming tax changes
• Market conditions affect pension drawdown rules like this one
• Relying on pension drawdown may be risky — having a cash reserve is also advisable

It is worth thinking about when to start accessing your pension pot, as market returns will have an influence on the success of the 4% rule.

A study from Morningstar in 2022 argued that 3.3% is the “safe” level of drawdown in order to protect a portfolio’s value over the long term.

However, this was based on the fairly downbeat market conditions at the time. Morningstar’s latest insight on the matter suggests that, with today’s more favourable market conditions, a 4% starting drawdown is once again safe.

Market conditions impact the 4% rule because it is based on the assumption that, over a 30-year period, a balanced portfolio (usually modelled as a 50/50 or 60/40 portfolio) will generate sufficient returns to cover the impact of 4% withdrawals annually.

This is true on average, over a 30-year period. Some years, though, a balanced portfolio will grow at less than 4%, and it may even fall in value.

According to Morningstar, in 2022 the average 50/50 portfolio lost 16% of its value. This is why Morningstar recommended a lower safe withdrawal rate for people retiring that year; withdrawing the full 4% would have further compounded their pension pot’s losses during the bad year, before it had a chance to gain value in any good years.

For that reason, it pays to check the economic outlook carefully, and research the safe withdrawal rate for your first year in retirement before jumping straight in with a 4% withdrawal rate. The good news is that it is only during particularly bad years that 4% isn’t a safe initial drawdown rate, which is why this rule of thumb has, on the whole, stood the rest of time.

As useful as the 4% rule is, Ed Monk, associate director at Fidelity International, adds that past performance doesn;t guarantee future results.

He said: “At a high level it is clear markets have been kind to the first cohort retiring under pensions freedoms with quick recoveries from setbacks like the pandemic avoiding low-price asset sales for income.

“In 2015, those choosing market investments over annuities benefited more. A £100,000 annuity paid £5,304 annually, but market investments provided similar or higher income and often a larger remaining pot.

“Future retirees may not be as fortunate. To mitigate risks, keep a cash reserve for two to three years of income to avoid selling investments during downturns. While it's important to prevent running out of money, being overly cautious could also mean not making the most of your income.”

Some analysts suggest the 4% rule may be outdated due to upcoming tax changes.

Under current government plans, pensions could be included as part of someone’s estate for inheritance tax (IHT) purposes from April 2027.

For this reason, some believe a 6% withdrawal rule could be more appropriate to keep IHT bills down.

When should you retire?

• There isn’t a best age for pension drawdown in the UK
• If your retirement coincides with a downturn, consider staying in work if possible
• Start off with smaller pension drawdowns if you have to retire in a down market

Timing your retirement is a key decision. Ideally, you’ll retire in a good year for your portfolio. In any given 30-year period there are bound to be some bad years, but you want your pension pot to have registered some gains during the good years before these come around.

While hard to predict in advance, it is worth checking the economic outlook when you first start thinking about retiring. If the outlook is bad, and you feel you can still manage a year or two more of work, then it could be worth delaying your retirement and giving your pension pot a better chance of getting off to a good start.

This has the added benefit of fattening it up through your working income beforehand, and reducing the amount of time it will need to last you. All these factors swing the maths in your favour, and increase your chances of enjoying a comfortable retirement.

Of course, it is impossible to know in advance whether next year will be a better or worse year to retire than this one. Plus, there are many reasons why you may not want, or be able, to postpone your retirement for an extra year.

For this reason, John Corbyn, pensions specialist at the wealth manager Quilter, suggests making more conservative withdrawals early in your retirement, especially if you do happen to retire during a period of economic downturn.

What else do I need to know about the 4% rule?

• The 4% rule is a guide and may not suit your investment style or risk tolerance
• The 4% rule assumes costs will stay flat, but they will rise and fall in retirement
• Use expert advice on pension drawdown options, including the 4% rule, to guide you

Like all rules of thumb, says Corbyn, the 4% concept is based on certain assumptions.

“It needs to be overlaid with someone’s state of health and propensity to spend, which is likely to be higher for younger clients and lower for older clients,” he says.

“Care needs to be taken to ensure the attitude to risk and propensity for loss is also built into these assumptions.

“Depending on your risk tolerance, investment strategy, and the actual returns you get, you might consider a slightly more conservative withdrawal rate."

Corbyn says it is crucial to continuously review and adjust your strategy based on your actual investment returns, spending needs, and the broader economic landscape.

“Ultimately, pensions are a long-term savings vehicle and potentially may need to pay for someone’s income for up to 30-40 years, and care needs to be taken if the fund is accessed early, as short-term gain may lead to long-term pain so getting advice is key,” he adds.

According to Cheng, retirement expenditure isn’t usually a flat annual amount, with the early years sometimes showing a higher expenditure when people want to travel, before expenditure starts to reduce slightly. He comments: "In the final years of their lives, many people will then see a further spike in expenditure as care is required."

This strategy may not work for everyone and is just one of many factors to consider when planning to retire.

Make a retirement plan

• Pension drawdown requires realistic assessments of monthly and yearly costs
• You may need help with cash-flow analysis and planning for unexpected costs
• To get the right pension drawdown advice, speak to a financial adviser

What you plan to do with your retirement will also have a huge impact on when you should start accessing your pension pot, so it's a good idea to know what you want to do and the costs of doing it.

“If you have dreams of travelling the world then you might need much more retirement income than if you are content with a quiet life at home,” says Corbyn.

“It's essential to have a realistic projection of your monthly and yearly expenses, including contingencies for unexpected costs.”

Cheng echoes this, saying "there is often a real benefit to undertaking some more detailed cash flow planning and speaking to an adviser".

According to Moneybox data, just 11% of people are confident they will have a comfortable retirement. It is therefore vital that retirees have access to the right drawdown advice, and understand when to retire, and how much to withdraw, says Byrnes.

We explain how to do a mid-retirement MOT in a separate guide.

Pensions tax

• Pension drawdown is taxable in the UK
• You can still take a tax-free lump sum of 25% of your pension from age 55
• After that you pay tax on pension earnings above the £12,570 personal allowance
• Check whether pension drawdown rules would draw you into a higher tax bracket

Whatever rule you use, experts say it is always important to consider the tax implications when withdrawing money from a pension.

This is because beyond the 25% tax-free lump sum, you will need to pay income tax on withdrawals if you are earning above the tax-free personal allowance.

It may not take much to go above the £12,570 personal allowance, given the full new state pension is currently £11,973 a year.

“Tax planning is a crucial aspect of accessing a pension, and those who are thinking for instance of buying an annuity or accessing a pension flexibly by withdrawing taxable amounts should take note if they are earning or taking taxable income from elsewhere, including the state pension,” says Alice Haine, personal finance analyst at the investment platform Bestinvest.

“For someone drawing the full flat-rate state pension at the moment, additional income – whether from work or a private pension – of [just over £1,000] will take them over the personal allowance and into basic-rate tax.

“For those with larger pensions or higher incomes, there will be the potential risk of being taken into the higher or even additional-rate tax brackets, and some savers in drawdown should moderate their pension income to avoid this.”