Never mind central banks, investment banks or private investors. The jewellery industry is, by some margin, the single largest buyer of gold, comprising almost 50% of annual demand for the yellow metal. Another 23% stems from investment, and 21%, last year at least, came from central banks. Just 6% of the demand for gold is industrial (excluding jewellery, of course).
Demand from technology is at the margin, but might we see growth there? Let’s investigate. While silver and copper are better conductors of electricity, gold is more resistant to corrosion and oxidation. Therefore, it finds considerable use in electronics as a coating, especially where long-term stability is important. It is used to cover connectors, switches and relay contacts; in printed circuit boards, microprocessors and memory chips. This resistance means it is utilised in both aerospace and outer space, where it coats satellite components and spacecraft.
At the final frontier, it can reflect infrared radiation and protect the craft from overheating, which is key in the huge temperature fluctuations of outer space. It is also used in the heat shields that protect sensitive equipment from high temperatures during re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere. The cord binding an astronaut to their spacecraft is plated with gold. The visors of astronauts’ helmets are plated with it to protect their eyes from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ultimately, gold’s permanence is the fundamental reason for its use. You need durable materials when you send a spacecraft to outer space – you can’t repair it. Space usage is not yet significant enough radically to affect demand for gold, but that could change dramatically as space exploration increases.
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At the 2021 Olympics in Tokyo, the metals to make the medals came from a recycling initiative. The Japanese handed in nearly 80,000 tonnes of electrical gadgets, including laptops, digital cameras, gaming devices and six million phones. The appliances yielded 32kg of gold and 3,500kg of silver. There is, I learn, about 80 times as much gold in one tonne of mobile phones as there is in a typical tonne of rock at a gold mine. Increased high tech means greater demand for gold, but perhaps not enough to affect the price.
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Gold’s reflective properties, combined with its stability, mean it finds use in optics: in lenses and mirrors, especially space telescopes, to reflect infrared light. Gold plates the mirrors of the celebrated James Webb telescope, the largest optical telescope in space, to optimise the mirrors’ function, allowing it to view objects too old, distant or faint for the Hubble Space Telescope. There is a Canadian company, Totenpass, which has been developing some interesting gold tech, also related to gold’s longevity: “a permanent digital storage drive constructed from solid gold that requires no energy and has no movable parts. This technology allows for the permanent storage of precious digital data, thereby eliminating any future dependence on the internet and the vast amounts of energy presently required to store content”. Here, it seems, is a very modern application for the extraordinary permanence of gold.
Gold is increasingly being used in nanotechnology. Gold nanoparticles are used in photonics (the science of light waves), especially in the development of light-based technologies for imaging and sensors. Gold’s inertness makes it an excellent material for nanoparticles used as catalysts in various chemical reactions. For instance, gold nanoparticles are employed in the oxidation of carbon monoxide in air-purification systems. Researchers are also exploring gold’s potential as a catalyst to improve renewable energy efficiency and solar cells. Again, its conductivity and resistance to oxidation make it ideal for nanoscale electronic components.
As for the medical industry, gold and healing have a long intertwined history. Gold was associated with the sun gods who bestowed health and vitality, or “helped the body produce vitamin D”, as we might put it today. Gold nanoparticles are used today in medical diagnostics and treatments, including targeted drug delivery and cancer therapy because they can easily be detected and manipulated. Additionally, gold’s biocompatibility ensures it does not provoke an immune response, making it suitable for use in various biomedical applications. In 2013, researchers found that gold nanoparticles reduced the ability of HIV to reproduce and infect new cells.
Gold is also becoming one of the weapons in the battle against malaria. Of the hundreds of millions of malaria tests sold each year, many contain the yellow metal: gold nanoparticles bind with specific malaria antigens, which help quick and accurate detection of the disease. The test results can be ready in 15 minutes. Gold nanoparticles are also being used in building materials to enhance strength and thermal regulation. Coating glass with gold can reflect the sun’s heat in summer, while bouncing internal heat back into rooms in winter, resulting in substantial energy savings. It is corrosion-resistant too, which increases longevity. To use gold on a roof or façade is extravagant, but perhaps not as extravagant as you might think: an ounce of gold will cover up to 1,000 sq ft (90 square metres) in gold plate and it brings substantial savings.
All in all, exciting stuff, but none of this demand will be enough to affect the price of gold. In most cases, we are talking about plate and nanoparticles. The main sources of demand for the yellow metal will remain what they have always been: as a store and a display of wealth. Jewellery and investment, in other words.
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