What do higher oil prices mean for investors? 

Yesterday, oil prices (as measured by Brent crude) raced past $80 barrel for the first time in three years. It’s the latest commodity of many to surge in value. West Texas Intermediate – WTI, the US benchmark – also hit a two-month high, at just above $76 a barrel.

So what’s going on and what do oil’s gains mean for you?

Why are oil prices rising?

As Reed Blakemore, deputy director of the Atlantic Council’s Global Energy Centre, tells Al Jazeera, the current “drama” in the market is due to a “collision of three massive forces: the impact of prolonged demand uncertainty due to Covid-19 on supply-side management over the past year; the structural changes of a policy-driven transition to a net-zero world; and the reality that sufficient investment and development of oil and gas supplies is still crucial to market stability even amidst a global energy transition”.

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In other words, producers have struggled to match supply and demand in the short term due to lockdowns; while in the longer run, politicians are trying to swap us all to non-fossil fuels without really considering that we might need the old, mucky ones for a bit longer.

Most obviously, oil demand has rebounded sharply after its total collapse last year. In April 2020, Brent fell as low around $20 a barrel (hardly surprising when the whole world was locked up), while WTI (on some contracts) even turned negative briefly.

But positive news on vaccines and recovering higher economic activity following the easing of restrictions has seen the oil market to roar back to life. Brent is now up around 70% since the start of the year alone, while WTI is up more than 50%.

Another short-term factor is that the oil market is still reeling from the impact of Hurricane Ida which badly affected US supply last month. The fact that natural gas has gone through the roof is also having something of a knock-on effect to oil.

On top of all that, China specifically is enduring an energy shortage which is helping to underpin oil prices as it looks to cut down on pollution from coal in particular ahead of February, when it is due to host the Winter Olympics. As a result, many factories are switching to using diesel as an energy substitute.

Will oil prices remain this high?

In terms of supply, oil cartel Opec (plus Russia – known as Opec+) has just increased production. But oil prices have so far shrugged this off simply because it only matched increased demand – and as Goldman Sachs analysts point out, the impact of Hurricane Ida, which shuttered production capacity, offset the rise in oil production.

That’s likely to continue, even if supply is boosted further, reckons Barclays. "Opec+ tapering would not plug the oil supply gap through at least Q1 2022 as demand recovery is likely to continue to outpace this, due partly to limited capacity of some producers in the group to ramp up output".

Goldman Sachs now expects oil prices to level out around $90 a barrel by the end of the year, up from a previous estimate of $80. "While we have long held a bullish oil view, the current global supply-demand deficit is larger than we expected, with the recovery in global demand from the Delta impact even faster than our above-consensus forecast and with global supply remaining short of our below consensus forecasts'.

Of course, investment banks are constantly making forecasts about the oil price, and these are often wrong – notably, eye-catching calls that predict a price well in advance of current prices have tended to signal tops in the past. But a forecast for $90 isn’t so exuberant as to fit into that category. And even if prices don’t rise much further, there is no obvious reason to expect oil to crash either.

What does it mean for markets and the economy?

Higher oil spells higher petrol prices for consumers. And oil is of course a huge cost for companies too. So this could both spur inflation (which is already at a nine-year high) and hit disposable incomes (unless wages rise faster than prices – in which case corporate margins may well take a hit). In other words, this adds to the stagflation risks.

As far as investing goes, the winners are pretty obvious. Oil and gas companies should do well if prices stay high. One way to play this is via the iShares Oil & Gas Exploration & Production UCITS ETF (LSE: SPOG). which has risen sharply from its pandemic low, but is still trading below its pre-pandemic levels.