Investing in the US stockmarket is a hefty bet on big tech

The US is an expensive market by international standards – even more so now that it’s recovered from the March lows faster than any other region. At the end of May, the MSCI USA traded on a price/earnings (p/e) ratio of more than 22. The MSCI Europe traded on a p/e of 15. The MSCI Japan was also valued at around the same, while the MSCI Emerging Markets is slightly cheaper at 14. If you look at price/book value or dividend yields instead, the same pattern holds.

However, there are complications in comparing international markets like this – the composition of each market can be very different. This tends to be obvious when the index is dominated by a handful of companies or a couple of sectors – we see this most clearly with small economies or emerging markets, especially those dependent on natural resources. Large markets should be more easily compared – but in many respects, these indices still vary more than you might expect. For example, IT accounts for around 26% in the US, but just 7% in Europe. Industrials are 20% of the Japanese market, but 8% of American stocks. Financials are the single biggest sector in emerging markets overall.

It’s about stocks as much as sectors

Some sectors usually trade on higher valuations than others, to reflect stronger growth prospects or the fact that their earnings are less cyclical. So does this difference in sector weights explain why the US is more expensive? To a limited extent, yes. An index that applied US sector valuations to European sector weights would be a bit cheaper than the MSCI USA; one that applied Europe sector valuations to US sector weights would be a bit dearer than the MSCI Europe. But my rough estimate is that this would only make each index 10% cheaper or more expensive, when the valuation gap is much greater.

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Some of the remaining difference is because most US sectors are moderately more expensive. For example, financials have a p/e ratio of 10.7 versus 8.5; utilities yield 3.5% versus 4.1%. This may ultimately be justified by stronger growth or better margins, or it may not. But even sector comparisons don’t tell the whole story.

The US consumer discretionary trades on a p/e of over 30, versus under 15 in Europe. Communications services is on 25 versus 14. That gulf exists mostly because of a very small number of high-priced firms in these sectors. The FAANGs (see below) now have a vast influence on the US market, making up nearly 20% of the MSCI USA. If they shape the future economy as many investors hope, the US could merit its high premium. If they don’t it’s hard to see how it will outperform the rest of the world.

I wish I knew what the FAANGs were, but I’m too embarrassed to ask

The acronym FAANG refers to Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix and Google (Alphabet) – five American companies that have been among the top-performing stocks in recent years and are seen by many investors as core long-term holdings because of the way that they dominate the online economy. The acronym was coined by Jim Cramer, the host of the TV show Mad Money, as FANG in 2013; the second A (for Apple) was added later.

Under this definition, the FAANGs do not include a number of other major firms with comparable influence. The most important is Microsoft: it is now as fast growing as its peers, but back in 2013 it was a laggard whose best days seemed long gone. However, when investors talk about the FAANGs today, they are usually referring to Microsoft as well.

The FAANGs are typically described as tech giants, but most are not listed in the tech sector. Index compilers class Apple and Microsoft as information technology, but Alphabet, Facebook and Netflix as communications services, and Amazon as consumer discretionary. The thread that links them is that they offer communication and data services that drive the evolution of the digital economy in a way that goes beyond computer hardware – they are responsible for far-reaching online platforms that most of us depend on every day.

The FAANGs are also used as a shorthand for a broader universe of large stocks that have strong market positions or star power (ie, they are going up at the time). A non-exhaustive list might include Adobe, Broadcom, Nvidia, PayPal and Salesforce, plus firms such as Mastercard and Visa (due to their role in online payments) and China’s Alibaba, Baidu and Tencent. Including Walt Disney (whose online service may be a key threat to Netflix) stretches this reasoning, while adding carmaker Tesla breaks it. Older tech firms such as Cisco, IBM, Intel and Oracle are rarely viewed as peers.