Will Donald Trump force the Fed to lower interest rates?

President Donald Trump looks at chairman of the Federal Reserve Jerome Powell

The Fed is nominally independent but not immune to political pressure, Cris Sholto Heaton writes.

(Image credit: Drew Angerer/Getty Images)

published 31 March 2025

Markets are getting increasingly rattled by the difficulty of understanding what Donald Trump is likely to do next, but this should not have come as a surprise.

Trump’s great skill as a politician is his ability to convince so many people that he will be good for them, even though his policies are clearly contradictory, and there’s no sound reason for thinking that he’ll stick with the ones they particularly like. You struggle to pick out any consistent ideology other than a belief that the president’s power should be unchecked.

So we shouldn’t put too much weight on any forecasts for the next few years because they are even more guesswork than usual. Still, there is one big risk that we should not underprice: Trump forcing through a very large cut in interest rates.

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Unusually consistent

It is entirely clear from Trump’s career that he will always favour lower interest rates – this is one of the rare situations where his comments and his conduct are almost always consistent.

After all, he does not fit the profile of anybody who believes in sound money. He is a real-estate developer with a history of borrowing as much as he can, and of filing business bankruptcy or getting debt forgiveness from lenders on several occasions.

Back in 2016, when first running as president, Trump accused the Fed of keeping rates too low to help Barack Obama, saying it had created a “false economy”. Once in power, that changed.

In 2018, after the central bank started to raise rates, he criticised it for moving too fast and called it his “biggest threat”.

This time, he said throughout his election campaign that rates should be lower, and he’s been stepping up that pressure since he got back in the White House.

Will the Fed cave under pressure?

The Fed is nominally independent but not immune to political pressure. It will cave in to this, just as it did in 2019.

The natural assumption is that the governors are moderately responsible, so they will give Trump lower rates, but not recklessly so (by their easy-money standards).

Yet, if the US economy starts to weaken and Trump’s approval ratings follow it down, it is very plausible that he will demand much deeper cuts.

The highest rates got in his last term was 2.5%, and much of the time, they were zero.

Would the current governors agree to that? That might not matter – Trump could try to replace them if they did not.

Fed chair Jerome Powell has said he won’t step down, and the president is not allowed to fire him. But given the approach that Trump is taking on other issues, I would take very little comfort in any legal arguments as to why he can’t replace the entire board with himself, Elon Musk or whoever else happens to be in favour.

If rates were cut aggressively, the usual tactic would be to hold long-term bonds (their price moves more for a given change in rates).

Yet, if Trump coerces the Fed, it could rattle markets even more, causing the yield curve to steepen.

I do not expect this to play out unless the US economy weakens severely, but it is another reason why our strategic portfolio holds only short-term bonds. Long-term yields are not high enough for this risk.

US Department of the Treasury yield curve

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

Cris Sholto Heaton is an investment analyst and writer who has been contributing to MoneyWeek since 2006 and was managing editor of the magazine between 2016 and 2018. He is especially interested in international investing, believing many investors still focus too much on their home markets and that it pays to take advantage of all the opportunities the world offers. He often writes about Asian equities, international income and global asset allocation.

Cris began his career in financial services consultancy at PwC and Lane Clark & Peacock, before an abrupt change of direction into oil, gas and energy at Petroleum Economist and Platts and subsequently into investment research and writing. In addition to his articles for MoneyWeek, he also works with a number of asset managers, consultancies and financial information providers.

He holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation and the Investment Management Certificate, as well as degrees in finance and mathematics. He has also studied acting, film-making and photography, and strongly suspects that an awareness of what makes a compelling story is just as important for understanding markets as any amount of qualifications.