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5 February 1963: Europe toughens its tariff laws

On this day in 1963, the Netherlands lost a landmark dispute in the European Court of Justice, establishing the doctrine of "direct effect", entitling citizens to sue governments who broke free trade rules.

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by: Dr Matthew Partridge

5 Feb 2021

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5 February 1963: Europe toughens its tariff laws

On this day in 1963, the Netherlands lost a landmark dispute in the European Court of Justice, establishing the doctrine of "direct effect", entitling citizens to sue governments who broke free trade rules.

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5 February 1963: Europe toughens its tariff laws

On this day in 1963, the Netherlands lost a landmark dispute in the European Court of Justice, establishing the doctrine of "direct effect", entitling citizens to sue governments who broke free trade rules.

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