How the great equalisation really works

The last decade has seen a great race by manufacturers to shift production to Asia. For them that has meant lower costs and higher profits; for us it has meant years of falling prices for everything from clothes to computers; and for much of Asia it has meant the rise of an increasingly well-paid workforce and satisfyingly large trade surpluses. But look around you now and you might just be seeing the beginning of a change in direction.

Fashion designers in Europe have started to talk about moving their production home, for example. Why? Because fast wage increases in China mean that once you factor in cargo costs, the cost of the rising Chinese currency (up 8% against the dollar in the last 18 months), the inconvenience of six-week-plus lead times and various quality issues, it now makes sense to manufacture in Italy or even in London. It doesn't cost much more, and it is awhole lot easier. Note that minimum wages are still rising across China: they have risen 22% on average over the last two years according to the FT, but will now rise another 8.6% in Beijing and 16% in Shenzhen. It all adds up.

But it isn't just small companies beginning to reconsider long-distance manufacturing. An article in the FT over Christmas pointed to a furniture manufacturer in the West Midlands who was also shifting production back West. With retailers struggling, and so trying to maintain smaller inventories, he needed shorter lead times on his products in order to satisfy their new ordering patterns. China couldn't provide that.

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And this week, The New York Times notes that manufacturers are hiring again in the US just at much lower wages than they used to. Take General Electric: it has moved production of water heaters and some fridges home, and hired new workers to do so. But while old staff are getting paid $21-$32 an hour, the new ones are to get $12-19 an hour "with the additional concession that newcomers will not catch up for the foreseeable future".

The same is happening all over the place in the motor industry, the tyre industry and the heavy machinery industry. Even more interesting is the fact that the unions aren't complaining: they know that if they want their members in work, then they have to accept lower- ie, globally competitive - wage levels.

You might call all this a 'great equalisation' or perhaps, as the FT's Martin Wolf does, a 'great convergence'. The 19th century saw a huge divergence in industrial growth and GDP per head around the world: the West grew fast, the East did not. The second half of the 20th century saw the beginning of a shift back as Japan and the 'tiger' economies began a catch up. Then the late 20th century and the early 21st century began to see convergence spread across Asia.

At first we mostly saw this in terms of rising GDP and incomes in the East. Now we see the flipside: income equalisation also means falling wages in the West. And that means actually falling (fewer £ per hour), not just due to inflation. There are going to be big blips in all this (we are as worried about China's economy as ever) but the great convergence is a trend we can expect to continue. Chinese wages are rising because labour is increasingly scarce. The government allows it to prevent unrest and to try and encourage consumption.

In the US and the UK, the situation is the opposite. Labour is abundant and unrest is more likely to be caused by unemployment than by falling wages. In 2004, the basic wage in the US was about 12 times that in China. Now it is aboutfour times that in China. One day (I have no idea when), it'll be only twice that in China.

You might consider all this to somehow be bad news for the West but if you want to look on the bright side (as regular readers will know we do) you might note that it not only shows just how flexible Western economies can be, but also gives support to recent data suggesting that US employment might have troughed. That's something: most people would agree that low-paid work is better than no work at all.

It also shows, as David Fuller of Fuller Money points out, how very globally mobile the world's big companies are. The result? These days well-managed international companies "will recover from a traumatic year such as 2008 more quickly than their home economies". They'll also hold up much better in the difficult years ahead of us now.