Consumers are being hit by a double whammy to their cost of living this April, with a rise in National Insurance contributions and the energy price cap rise kicking in.
UK prime minister Boris Johnson has come under pressure to delay a rise in National Insurance at a time where inflation is spilling into almost everything. Many Conservative MPs have urged Johnson to delay the rise, but to no avail: from April 2022, class one National Insurance contributions (also known as NICs) will rise by 1.25 percentage points.
“We must clear the Covid backlogs, with our plan for health and social care – and now is the time to stick to that plan. We must go ahead with the health and care levy. It is the right plan,” Johnson and UK chancellor Rishi Sunak wrote in The Sunday Times last month.
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National Insurance (NI) is a tax paid by employees and by the self-employed on their earnings, and by employers on their employees’ earnings.
It was introduced in 1911 to set up a fund for workers in need of medical treatment or for those who had lost their job. NI contributions do still count towards state pension eligibility, but it has effectively become a second tier of income tax.
Employees currently pay at a rate of 12% on earnings above £184 a week (£9,568 a year – the ”primary threshold”) and 2% on earnings above £967 a week (£50,270 a year). Employees over the state pension age are not liable to pay (but employers’ contributions are still due).
Employers pay at a rate of 13.8% on employee’s earnings above £170 a week (the ”secondary threshold”) – there is no upper limit and all earnings over £50,270 a year are paid at 13.8%
Why are National Insurance contributions rising and what are the new rates?
National Insurance contributions are rising to raise more money for healthcare as the pandemic has put massive strain on the Treasury’s finances.
In a statement to the House of Commons last year, Johnson said the rise in NI will pave the way for “additional investment in health and social care”.
From April 2022:
The primary threshold will rise from £9,568 a year to £9,880 a year
NI contributions will rise from 12% to 13.25% for earnings between £9,880 and £50,270
NI will rise from 2% to 3.25% for earnings of more than £50,270
Employers’ contributions will rise from 13.8% to 15.05% on employees’ earnings of more than £170 a week.
Employees who earn less than £9,880 are exempt from NI.
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Row 0 - Cell 0
Current rates
Rates from April 2022
Row 1 - Cell 0
Main rate
Higher earnings rate
Main rate
Higher earnings rate
Employees
12%
2%
13.25%
3.25%
Self-employed
9%
2%
10.25%
3.25%
Employers
13.8%
13.8%
15.05%
15.05%
Under the new rules:
Somebody earning £10,000 will pay £36 less per year
Somebody earning £20,000 will pay an extra £89
Somebody earning £30,000 will pay an extra £214
Somebody earning £50,000 will pay an extra £464
Somebody earning £80,000 will pay an extra £839
Somebody earning £100,000 will pay an extra £1,089
Source: Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS).
How does the new Health and Social Care Levy tie in with this?
From April 2023, National Insurance rates will fall back to current levels. But you won’t be paying any less. Instead, the extra amount will be reclassified as a new Health and Social Care Levy.
A key difference between the levy and current National Insurance is that the former will also have to be paid by state pensioners who are still working.
The government estimates that the changes in NI will generate £12bn a year and will first be used to reduce some of the current pressure being faced by the NHS. Some of the funds will then be reallocated to the social care system.
The purpose of the increase is to ensure people in England spend no more than £86,000 in care costs from October 2023, but this excludes food and accommodation, reports the BBC.
The new rules mean that anybody who has assets with a value of less than £20,000, including savings, investments and the value of their home, will receive care that is fully covered by the taxpayer.
The taxpayer will subsidise rather than fully cover care for those who have assets in the range of £20,000-£100,0000.
Why is the NI rise controversial?
Critics of the NI rise stress that people on lower wages will be hit harder.
The logic for this is simple. From April, those who earn between £9,568 and £50,270 pay NI at 12%, but earnings above this threshold are paid at just 2%.
The rate may only be increasing by 1.25 percentage points, but that means that contributions are actually rising by more than 10%, says James Andrew, senior personal finance editor at Money.co.uk: “With National Insurance (NI) increasing by 1.25 percentage points in April, it’s no surprise that many UK workers think this means their payments are going up by only a fraction,” he said.
“However, that figure relates to the rate, and this means that for most people contributions are actually increasing by more than 10%.”
He added that the timing of the NI rise couldn’t be worse given research published last month also showed the average person’s debt in 2021 more than doubled to £25,879, with the rise in energy price cap only weeks away.
Does it apply to different parts of the UK equally?
Although the new social care levy will only apply to England, the tax changes will affect the entire of the UK in the same way. The income generated from the levy will be distributed across the four countries. For example, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland will receive an additional £1.1bn, £700m and £400m respectively by 2024-2025.
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Saloni is a web writer for MoneyWeek focusing on personal finance and global financial markets. Her work has appeared in FTAdviser (part of the Financial Times), Business Insider and City A.M, among other publications. She holds a masters in international journalism from City, University of London.
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