World's biggest fraudster Bernie Madoff has died – what was his scam?

Bernie Madoff, perpetrator of the world's biggest Ponzi scheme, has died in prison at the age of 82. Matthew Partridge looks at his massive fraud scheme.

Bernie Madoff
Bernie Madoff: world's biggest fraudster
(Image credit: © Mario Tama/Getty Images)

Bernie Madoff got his start in finance as a 22-year-old in 1960 when he set up a brokerage specialising in penny stocks with the assistance of his father-in-law. The firm acted as a market maker and over the years Madoff Securities would play a large role in the development of the electronic exchange Nasdaq. Madoff was briefly considered as a potential chairman of the Securities & Exchange Commission, the US regulator. From the 1980s onwards, his firm ran a large investment management division based on buying and selling options known as "split-strike conversion" instruments, which promised returns similar to that from the stockmarket, but with less volatility.

How did they work?

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Dr Matthew Partridge
Shares editor, MoneyWeek

Matthew graduated from the University of Durham in 2004; he then gained an MSc, followed by a PhD at the London School of Economics.

He has previously written for a wide range of publications, including the Guardian and the Economist, and also helped to run a newsletter on terrorism. He has spent time at Lehman Brothers, Citigroup and the consultancy Lombard Street Research.

Matthew is the author of Superinvestors: Lessons from the greatest investors in history, published by Harriman House, which has been translated into several languages. His second book, Investing Explained: The Accessible Guide to Building an Investment Portfolio, is published by Kogan Page.

As senior writer, he writes the shares and politics & economics pages, as well as weekly Blowing It and Great Frauds in History columns He also writes a fortnightly reviews page and trading tips, as well as regular cover stories and multi-page investment focus features.

Follow Matthew on Twitter: @DrMatthewPartri