In the first half of the 19th century, the postal service was something of a mess. It was expensive and confusing, and was widely seen as corrupt.
Postage was paid by the recipient, with the amount to be paid dependent on many things, including distance travelled and the number of sheets of paper the letter contained. Many people, including Members of Parliament, had the right to send and receive letters without payment.
There were many calls for a reform of the system. The man for the job was Rowland Hill, schoolteacher, civil servant and social reformer. In January 1837, he published his pamphlet Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability, which proposed a system of pre-payment, based on weight, not distance carried.
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A year later, he made a proposal before Parliament, and, after much discussion, the Postage Act was passed in August 1839, paving the way for the new system. On 10 January 1840, the Uniform Penny Post was introduced – letters weighing up to one ounce could be posted anywhere in Britain for just one penny.
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One more radical development had been proposed by Hill – the introduction of adhesive stamps to indicate that postage had been paid in advance. To go with the stamp, Hill also proposed a separate sheet of paper which could be folded to form an envelope, where the address could be written.
On 1 May 1840, post offices were issued with stocks of black one-penny stamps bearing a profile of a young Queen Victoria. And on 6 May, their use became official.
The franking mark to prevent re-use of the stamps was a red Maltese cross. Unfortunately, that could be rubbed off. So the colour of the ink was changed to black which spelled the end of the Penny Black, and the birth of the Penny Red, which was introduced in 1841 and would last until 1879.
