How the Conservative party has changed. When he was chancellor in the 1980s, Nigel Lawson took pride in abolishing at least one tax every year. Now, in the run-up to Rishi Sunak’s first Budget, the press has been filled with presumably well-founded speculation about tax increases.
The prime target for the media pundits is the dwindling array of tax breaks available for pension-fund saving. In 2014, Lib Dem pensions minister Steve Webb persuaded a sceptical George Osborne to free pensions from the stringent restrictions they were subject to. Ever since, Conservative chancellors have been chipping away at tax reliefs on pensions as if to reverse the incentive to save that was then provided.
The lifetime allowance, first introduced in 2006, limited the value of an individual’s pension fund. Above that limit, a penal rate of tax of 55% is applied either on drawdown, at the age of 75, or, for members of defined-benefit (DB) schemes, as the limit is exceeded.
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The allowance was progressively reduced from £1.8m in 2011/2012 to £1m five years later. Though it has since been raised to £1.055m, there is no shortage of advocates for slashing it further, even though the current limit is causing significant problems for the NHS, whose senior doctors and surgeons are finding that their net pay from extra shifts is more than swallowed up by the pension tax.
The lifetime allowance is a tax on successful investing
The justification for this limit is to restrict the tax relief on pension contributions but, in reality, it is a tax on investment returns. Pay £30,000 a year into a pension fund for 35 years and you will not be liable for tax at 55% if your investment return is zero, but pay in just £10,000 a year with an investment return of 10% per annum and your tax liability will exceed £900,000. All the benefit you had from the exemption of your fund from income and capital-gains tax will be more than clawed back.
In 2011 the chancellor went further, limiting tax relief on contributions to £50,000 a year, reduced to £40,000 three years later. This might seem generous, and it is for those such as higher-grade civil servants whose pay rises steadily over a lifetime. Those with family commitments or erratic earnings often cannot afford to contribute every year, but do so from windfalls or when they can. They are penalised, as are high earners, whose limit is just £10,000 a year.
The next target of the lobbyists for more taxation is the higher-rate tax relief on pension contributions, on the pretext that higher-rate taxpayers account for more than half the total cost of the tax break.
This ignores the reality that the tax relief is no more than tax deferral. Pensions are a system for converting capital, which is not taxed, into income, which is. Tax at both the standard and higher rate is payable on pension incomes, so stopping full tax relief on pension contributions would amount to double taxation, as would levying capital gains and income tax on pension-fund returns.
How to spread the benefit
There are much better ways to spread the benefit of the tax relief more widely. Auto-enrolment in the expanding National Pension Scheme (NPS) will help, as would raising the threshold for higher-rate tax.
The value of the tax relief to standard-rate taxpayers has come down with the tax rate, but it doesn’t have to be so limited; tax relief could be granted to standard-rate taxpayers at a rate of 25% or 30%. And if people are expected to become more reliant on the NPS and less on the state pension, shouldn’t the rate of employee’s national insurance be cut? It was just 6.5% when Lawson was chancellor, but is now 12%.
The objection is that the government can’t cut taxes because it has to fund monstrously extravagant and pointless infrastructure projects such as HS2. People supposedly want higher taxes to pay for higher government spending, but I don’t believe it, not even when the tax is targeted at the better-off. People realise that governments that start raising taxes on the few soon raise them on the many.
Pension funds are the primary source of long-term savings in an economy, vital to fund the long-term investment on which economic growth depends. Yet the government seems determined to continue chipping away at incentives to save for retirement. Having abolished higher-rate tax relief, will it go on to abolish the current entitlement to withdraw 25% of a pension entitlement tax-free? Will pension funds be sequestered to finance low- or zero-return infrastructure projects favoured by government? Will defined-contribution (DC) schemes suffer the same fate as DB ones? Pension savers need long-term certainty and the economy needs pension savings.
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