Few remember the pre-privatisation state of the water industry in 1989, after decades of underinvestment. The 1976 drought and consequent water restrictions exposed a shortage of water supply as reservoirs and rivers ran dry. The government's response was to build a reservoir – in the one part of Britain that did not have a shortage.
But, if a bad idea is repeated often enough, it can lead people to mistake repetition for accuracy. They subconsciously adjust their own beliefs to avoid the mental stress of questioning or disagreeing with the proposal. Creating the illusion of truth is a prime objective of modern politics. This explains the growing clamour for the renationalisation of the water companies.
The leakage of water was, unsurprisingly, a problem; much of the pipework had been laid in Victorian times and was poorly maintained. The treatment of sewage was variable; inland, with outflows into rivers, it was reasonable, although swimming in rivers was unthinkable owing to regular storm overflows. On the coast, much of the sewage was untreated; it was merely screened and then flowed into the sea through short pipelines. This meant that beaches failed to meet the quality threshold of the EU or of anyone else. This remained the practice in Scotland long after privatisation in England and Wales.
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The industry badly needed investment, but couldn't compete with the demands for capital spending elsewhere in more visible areas such as schools, roads and hospitals. Privatisation would ring-fence the sector from all the other demands on government and delegate the supervision of it to an independent regulator, Ofwat, introducing the accountability the sector had previously lacked. Investment would be debt-financed, serviced from cash flows. Charges would increase at the rate of 1% over inflation each year while additional cash flow would be provided through efficiency gains.
The post-privatisation investment boom
For about ten years, it all went according to plan. Investment, which had already risen 20% in the run-up to privatisation, quickly rose from £3 billion a year to more than £5 billion. Leakage rates fell 40%, river quality improved, short sea outflows were stopped and beaches became cleaner. Then progress slowed or stopped. Ofwat decided that keeping water bills down was the top priority. This meant restricting the capital expenditure they allowed; contrary to popular misconception, companies want to invest because that entitles them to a return on capital, achieved through higher bills. Ofwat also strong-armed the companies to reduce their cost of capital as that would lower the return on capital companies would need.
The mechanism for this was the substitution of debt for equity, achieved largely through leveraged buy-outs by private equity, taken to an extreme in the case of Thames Water. Such financially dangerous restructuring was encouraged by Ofwat and seemed justified while interest rates were low. When rates rose and the refinancing of the fixed-rate borrowing of the past came into view, the leveraged companies such as Thames Water came under extreme pressure.
The improvement in productivity continued – by an estimated 64% between privatisation and 2017 compared with zero in the public sector – but price rises in real terms stopped. According to Water UK, prices fell sharply in 2000 and remained broadly the same until 2024. Unsurprisingly, investment in nominal terms stagnated, at between £4 billion and £5 billion a year. The lack of additional investment meant a failure to deal with the continuing problem of storm overflows whereby untreated sewage was discharged into the river and sea when heavy rainfall overwhelmed the treatment works. Planning authorities refused permission for new reservoirs and sewage treatment plants and local authorities wouldn't give companies access to the roads they needed to repair leaking pipes properly.
Still, publicity given to bad news shouldn't result in good news being ignored. Leakage has continued to fall and pollution performance is below or close to target in most areas; in 2020, Southern Water and South West Water were major outliers, resulting in heavy fines. Nine companies are at, or near, their government-set targets. Severn Trent' Water's 2025-2026 results show a continued fall in leakage (to 17.6%, down from 23% in five years), water quality is above the regulatory target and significant investment has been made in waste water. For all its financial problems, Thames Water also reports a steady reduction in leakage and incidences of pollution.
It is possible, although there is no evidence for it, that Ofwat's disastrous change of direction in 2000 was due to pressure from the Blair government. They certainly castigated the managements of all privatised utility companies, encouraging them to sell out to private equity. Veteran City editor Neil Collins argues, rightly, that the government should have retained a golden share in each to prevent takeovers and maintain public accountability.
Ofwat has now been abolished, water bills are to be raised sharply in real terms for the next five years and the restructuring of Thames Water's debts is awaiting government approval. Investment is being accelerated and progress is already clearly visible. The River Thames in London has just got its first designated bathing spot. The problem now is the clamour that has built up from the “progressives” for the hugely expensive folly of renationalisation.
The objective of this is neither financial nor operational, but ideological; a drive to reverse every aspect of “Thatcherism”. If the advocates succeed, the proponents have every intention of working their way down a very long list of businesses and services once in the public sector, hoping it will take a long time for the water sector to return to its pre-1989 state.
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