Is China winning the electric car race?
China now sells more electric cars than conventional ones within its territory. Western countries seem determined to stop them from crossing their borders. Why?
China passed a milestone in the green revolution last month when sales of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrids surpassed those of internal combustion engine cars for the first time. Retail sales of “new-energy” cars – the umbrella term used in China for EVs and hybrids – made up 51.1% of all sales in July, a giant leap from just 7% three years ago. The landmark follows a continuing surge in the popularity of EVs in China over the past year, even as growth in other key markets, including the US and Europe, has slowed. The number of “new-energy” cars sold last month in China, 878,000, was 37% higher year on year; sales of conventional cars fell 26% to 840,000.
The global electric car market
To put the 50% landmark in perspective, the share of electric and hybrid vehicle sales in the US amounted to 18% in the first quarter of this year. China is by far the world’s biggest market for EVs, accounting for three-fifths of all units sold this year. According to forecasts from the International Energy Agency, some 10.1 million EVs (including hybrids) will be sold in China this year. That compares to 3.4 million in Europe and 1.7 million in the US. All other markets combined account for fewer than 1.5 million. The agency forecasts that global EV sales will grow to 20 million in 2025 and then double to 40 million by 2030 – accounting for 30% of all car sales by that point. China has been a leading market for EVs for several years, but recently the growth has been explosive. This year’s total of 10.1 million units is an eight-fold increase in just three years from 2021 when 1.3 million vehicles were sold. What’s driving the boom is that years of government subsidies and tax breaks for both producers and consumers and major strategic investment in the development of technology and infrastructure, mean that EVs are now the lower-cost option for consumers.
Why is the electric car market booming in China?
Marketing of EVs in China rarely, if ever, emphasises the environmental benefits, says Helen Davidson in The Guardian. Instead, it’s all about cost, and the range of available products, from compact city runarounds to luxury sports cars and large hybrid SUVs, powered by CATL batteries and Huawei technology. “EVs happen to be one rare area where China seems to be leading the world – high quality and low price, not to mention dizzying variety,” says Tinglong Dai, a business professor at Johns Hopkins University. “This is one of the incredible opportunities for China to dominate a highly respected marketplace. And it’s also in line with broad environmental goals in the West.” Yes, the Chinese government is motivated in part by climate and economic factors, but far more importantly the long-term investment that is now paying off was “more of a geopolitical move – a way to get to the top of the food chain of a high-end, high-status industry”.
Subscribe to MoneyWeek
Subscribe to MoneyWeek today and get your first six magazine issues absolutely FREE
Sign up to Money Morning
Don't miss the latest investment and personal finances news, market analysis, plus money-saving tips with our free twice-daily newsletter
Don't miss the latest investment and personal finances news, market analysis, plus money-saving tips with our free twice-daily newsletter
What about exports?
They are growing fast, especially in developing markets, and Chinese companies are also investing heavily in local manufacturing and supply-chain capabilities (including batteries and raw materials) in countries such as Indonesia and Brazil. However, China faces serious headwinds in the existing biggest non-Chinese markets, the US and Europe, both of which have ramped up protectionist tariffs on Chinese cars, on the grounds that unfair state subsidies are distorting competition and making them unfairly cheap. The US, where China has achieved little market penetration, recently raised its import duty on Chinese EVs from 25% to an intentionally crippling 100%. It was part of a package of measures including increasing levies from 7.5% to 25% on lithium batteries, from zero to 25% on critical minerals, from 25% to 50% on solar cells and from 25% to 50% on semiconductors. In Europe, Chinese EVs are a far more common sight. According to EU data, the market share of EVs imported from China (including those made under joint ventures with European firms) surged from 4% in 2020 to 25% by September 2023, making China’s EV exports to Europe last year worth about €10 billion. Brussels, too, has announced punitive new tariffs.
What is the EU tariff on Chinese EVs?
Up to 48%. Brussels already imposes a 10% tariff on Chinese EVs. It will now impose additional duties of 17%-38%, depending on the extent to which individual manufacturers complied with an EU anti-subsidy investigation. The biggest exporters, including BYD, the world’s largest EV maker, will pay additional tariffs of 17%-20%. European brands such as Mercedes and Renault, which export EVs made in China, will pay 21%. Companies deemed not to have co-operated, including Shanghai-based SAIC, will pay 38%. The state-owned firm dominates the lower end of the European EV market through the MG brand. The charges came into effect last month, but are currently provisional while the investigation into Chinese state support for the country’s EV makers continues. The tariffs are strongly backed by France but opposed by Germany, which fears a costly trade war with China. Beijing has lodged complaints with the World Trade Organisation.
Is the EU’s action justified?
No, says the Financial Times. EU governments – like others across the developed world – have a dilemma. They have pledged to decarbonise their economies within decades, but they are “also moving to limit imports of Chinese green tech, without which decarbonisation will take more time and money – if it can be achieved at all”. At some point they will need to choose between their climate goals and their protectionism, and “it would be better for everyone if it is protectionism that has to give”. Europe’s problem is “not too many Chinese imports but rather too few”. It is “heartening to see the UK refraining from joining the tariff wars”.
This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.
Sign up to Money Morning
Our team, led by award winning editors, is dedicated to delivering you the top news, analysis, and guides to help you manage your money, grow your investments and build wealth.
Simon Wilson’s first career was in book publishing, as an economics editor at Routledge, and as a publisher of non-fiction at Random House, specialising in popular business and management books. While there, he published Customers.com, a bestselling classic of the early days of e-commerce, and The Money or Your Life: Reuniting Work and Joy, an inspirational book that helped inspire its publisher towards a post-corporate, portfolio life.
Since 2001, he has been a writer for MoneyWeek, a financial copywriter, and a long-time contributing editor at The Week. Simon also works as an actor and corporate trainer; current and past clients include investment banks, the Bank of England, the UK government, several Magic Circle law firms and all of the Big Four accountancy firms. He has a degree in languages (German and Spanish) and social and political sciences from the University of Cambridge.
-
Will a Santa Rally bring festive cheer to investor portfolios this year?
Investors will be hoping for a seasonal stock market boost in December
By Marc Shoffman Published
-
ChatGPT turns two: how has it impacted markets?
Two years on from ChatGPT’s explosive launch into the public sphere, we assess the impact that it has had on stock markets and the world of technology
By Dan McEvoy Published
-
Are Chinese consumer brands challenging global chains?
A new wave of Chinese consumer brands is starting to push out into global markets. Complacent Western giants are not nearly ready for the threat that they pose
By Matthew Lynn Published
-
Chinese economy: will the "bazooka" stimulus work?
The Chinese economy is relying on the "bazooka" stimulus to grow. Will it work or flop?
By Alex Rankine Published
-
How can China boost consumption?
China's new policies may give consumption a cyclical boost, even if long-term gains require more serious reforms
By Cris Sholto Heaton Published
-
Is China an undervalued market?
Most funds remain wary of China amid slowing growth. Have they got it wrong?
By Max King Published
-
Global car shares slide amid lower demand in China – what happens now?
Has the car sector run into trouble? Britain’s Aston Martin and Germany’s Volkswagen are among the key automobile brands that have issued profit warnings.
By Alex Rankine Published
-
Chinese stocks rally – can it continue?
Chinese stocks surged after the politburo, led by President Xi Jinping, vowed to ramp up fiscal support for the world's second-largest economy. Should investors be cautious?
By Alex Rankine Published
-
Mario Draghi delivers a wake-up call on the EU economy. Can it be revived?
Draghi, the former ECB chief has delivered his long-awaited report into the sluggish EU economy and what can be done to revive it.
By Simon Wilson Published
-
Is China following Japan's economy and stock market?
China is dealing with deflation and an unappealing stock market. Is it following in the footsteps of Japan?
By Alex Rankine Published