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Stock markets across the globe had a tough time of it last week. The FTSE 100 fell 1.1% to 6,122 by the end of the week, Japans Nikkei 225 shed 2.2% to 15,734, and even the seemingly unstoppable Dow Jones was knocked off its stride.
A sharp slide in the dollar was the main thing worrying investors. On Friday, the euro rose to more than $1.30, while the pound hit more than $1.93, levels not seen for more than 18 months. And this is unlikely to be the end.
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"We are just at the start of what we think will be a downtrend for the dollar - a tipping point has probably been reached," said Tim Fox of Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein. He expects the pound to hit the $2 mark by March next year - a level not seen since 1992.
So why the sudden plunge in the dollar?
The biggest question isn't so much why is the dollar falling now?' - it's more how has it managed to defy gravity for so long?'
The US economy is not really in a position to sustain a strong, or even particularly healthy currency. The country's current account deficit stands at more than 6% of gross domestic product. To put that into perspective, most economists believe that 4% represents the danger point for an economy.
The US needs to continue to attract foreign investors' savings to prop up that deficit - but the only way to attract foreign investors is to offer them a decent return on their funds. This is what has been holding the dollar up until recently - the prospect of rising interest rates.
But now, with the US housing market in freefall, as some have put it, and the government downgrading its expectations of US economic growth, it looks like the next move in US interest rates could be a cut. This is at a time when interest rates in the UK, Japan and particularly in Europe, are all expected to head higher in the near future.
With rising interest rates no longer on its side, while other economies are strengthening, there is nothing to keep the dollar at its current levels. "Steadily the US dollar will decline through 2007, but probably at a faster pace in the second half of the year, as people realise the Fed is going to have to cut rates," said HSBC's Paul Mackel.
The other big threat to the US dollar stems specifically from Japan. In a phenomenon known as the carry trade', speculators have been borrowing money in Japanese yen at very low interest rates, and putting the money into dollar-denominated assets, often US government bonds (known as Treasuries). Because Treasuries pay a higher interest rate than it costs to borrow yen, it's an easy way to make money.
Or so it seems. The only trouble is the currency risk. If the yen starts to rise and the dollar starts to fall, then the changing exchange rate can wipe out any gains and rapidly lead to losses, as the amount the borrower owes in yen outstrips what they have invested in dollars.
It's hard to say just how much money is tied up in the carry trade - but in May, when it last seemed that the yen was set to strengthen, other currencies buoyed by the carry trade, such as the Turkish lira, saw falls of more than 20% in the space of just a few months.
While a 20% fall in the dollar over that sort of time period would be almost unthinkable, it does highlight the extent of the threat posed by the greenback's reliance on foreign funding. In fact, former Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker has said: "The US borrowing requirement raises the risk of a crisis in the dollar as soon as the next two and a half years."
But what does this all mean - apart from that anyone jetting off to New York for their Christmas shopping this year is likely to find even more bargains than usual? Well, it's bad news for the FTSE 100 for a start. Many of the biggest 20 companies in the index are heavily exposed to the US, earning large chunks of revenue in US dollars.
And more broadly speaking, other markets are likely to suffer from further displays of distress in the US economy. Fears that the US consumer will stop buying up imported goods have hit the Japanese market, and European exporters will not be overjoyed at the prospect of a soaring euro.
These concerns - particularly over Japan - may well be overblown, but it could take a while for that to become apparent. In fact, the only asset that is likely to benefit unequivocally from a weaker dollar, is gold.
Now UK investors may ask - what's the point of buying gold, a dollar-denominated asset, if the dollar is falling? It's a good question. Gold may increase in dollar terms, but that's not much use if the dollar is falling against sterling.
But the point is that the dollar is the world's reserve currency. If the world's most important paper currency is losing its value, which would you rather buy as an alternative? The euro, which has been around for only slightly longer than the 21st century, and has at least one member country which is a complete economic basket case (Italy)? Or gold - which has been around for millennia, and with the exception of the past 35 years or so, has been used as a currency of some sort for that entire time?
So as demand for dollars falls, demand for gold will rise. And that means that the rise in the gold price triggered by sustained dollar weakness is likely to far outstrip the corresponding dollar fall, making it a good bet in any currency.
You can read more about how to invest in gold on our Investing in Gold page.
Turning to the wider markets
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In London, FTSE 100 closed 17 points lower on Friday, at 6,122, after a fourth consecutive day of losses. However, strength in the utilities sector, notably Scottish and Southern Energy and Kelda, saw the index recover somewhat from an earlier slump. For a full market report, see: London market close (/file/22146/london-close-utilities-drag-footsie-off-lows.html)
Across the Channel, the Paris CAC-40 closed 35 points lower, at 5,389. In Frankfurt, the DAX-30 was 63 points lower, at 6,411.
On Wall Street, stocks closed slightly lower as investors kept an eye on the sharply declining dollar. The Dow Jones was 46 points lower, at 12,280. The S&P 500 ended the day 5 points lower, at 1,400, as did the Nasdaq which closed at 2,460.
In Asia, the Nikkei clawed back some of its recent losses, closing at 15,885, a 150-points gain, on Monday.
Crude oil was over 1% higher this morning, at $59.93. In London, Brent spot was at $60.19.
Spot gold was trading at $640.00 this morning, up from $638.10 in New York late on Friday.
And in London this morning, a poll published by the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) revealed that one in five companies had moved some of their activities overseas, and one in three were thinking of doing so, as a result of the heavier corporate tax burden under New Labour.
And our two recommended articles for today...
Just how low can the dollar go?
- As we've already seen this morning, the dollar is facing a bumpy road ahead. Can the Federal Reserve manage the currency's slide, or is it an impossible task? Jeremy Batstone at Charles Stanley looks at just how far the dollar could fall - find out more, by clicking here: Just how low can the dollar go?
How the government robs us all
- The inflation of the money supply is a seductively easy way to create the illusion of economic growth. But here gold commentator Paul van Eeden explains why no one - not even the Government - can create wealth out of nothing. Read more here: How the government robs us all
