Investors underestimated the risks of an escalation in Ukraine, said David Thebault of Global Equities, a Paris-based asset manager. This week, they got "a wake-up call" as Russia's grip on Ukraine's Crimean peninsula tightened ominously.
Many Western markets slid by around 1% on Monday alone, while gold jumped to a four-month high as rattled investors sought out the traditional safe haven.
Russia bore the brunt of the sell-off amid talk of Western sanctions hitting the economy. Russian stocks fell by 12% on Monday and the rouble slid to yet another record low against the dollar and the euro.
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Market heavyweight Gazprom, the gas giant that supplies Europe through Ukraine, slumped by 17%. The Russian central bank raised interest rates by 1.5%, the biggest hike since the debt crisis of 1998, to stem the slide in the rouble.
The impact on Russia
"Everything Russia's elites hold dear is now locked up in European properties and bank accounts." Europe has repeatedly balked at passing anything similar to America's Magnitsky Act, which bars a few Russian officials from entering America.
Sanctions that target the economy rather than oligarchs look even less likely. "Europe needs Russia," says Allister Heath in City AM. A full 36% of Germany's gas, 23% of France's and 27% of Italy's is Russian. "Putin could inflict immense damage."
The West also needs Russia to prop up near-bankrupt Ukraine.More than half of Ukraine's gas consumption is imported from Russia.
Also, Russia has amassed almost $500bn of foreign-exchange reserves, says Capital Economics "a substantial buffer" to ride out a period of capital outflows. Unlike in Ukraine, a balance of payments crisis "is not a threat" right now.
Structural weaknesses
A consumption boom is petering out, and to raise the economy's speed limit now, investment in production capacity will have to rise. Russia invests just 21% of its GDP, well below the emerging-market average of 30%.
A shrinking work force and poor productivity, a legacy of communism, are further problems. Endemic corruption and weak property rights companies cannot be confident that their assets won't be seized by the state are the main obstacles to boosting investment.
Meanwhile, the current account is slipping into deficit, a sign of falling competitiveness. Overall public debt is low at 15% of GDP but due to rising public spending over the past few years, the energy-dependent economy now needs an oil price of $110 a barrel just to balance the budget.
If Russia one day gets its act together, investors buying now should be handsomely rewarded. You can buy in via JPMorgan Russia Securities trust (LSE: JRS) or the iShares MSCI Russia Capped ETF (NYSE: ERUS).
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Andrew is the editor of MoneyWeek magazine. He grew up in Vienna and studied at the University of St Andrews, where he gained a first-class MA in geography & international relations.
After graduating he began to contribute to the foreign page of The Week and soon afterwards joined MoneyWeek at its inception in October 2000. He helped Merryn Somerset Webb establish it as Britain’s best-selling financial magazine, contributing to every section of the publication and specialising in macroeconomics and stockmarkets, before going part-time.
His freelance projects have included a 2009 relaunch of The Pharma Letter, where he covered corporate news and political developments in the German pharmaceuticals market for two years, and a multiyear stint as deputy editor of the Barclays account at Redwood, a marketing agency.
Andrew has been editing MoneyWeek since 2018, and continues to specialise in investment and news in German-speaking countries owing to his fluent command of the language.
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