How to invest in gold

Gold investment has been going on since the dawn of civilisation, although there have arguably never been as many ways of buying the yellow metal.

Last year and the early months of 2025 have been a good period for gold investors, with strong demand driving the gold price, which hit its all-time high price of $3,500 per tonne on 22 April.

What goes up must come down, and in the month that followed gold’s brief foray into $3,500+ territory, the metal fell 3.6%. During this time it reached its lowest level for over a month, on 15 May, marking “a significant shift in what has otherwise been a strong year for the precious metal” David Goldman, head of trading at Novion Global, notes.

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“This drop largely reflects improved global sentiment following the unexpected easing of trade tensions between the US and China, which has bolstered risk appetite across the markets,” Goldman added.

Demand for gold hit a record in 2024. “Total gold demand (including OTC investment) rose 1% y/y in Q4 to reach a new quarterly high and contribute to a record annual total of 4,974t,” writes Juan Carlos Artigas, global head of research at the World Gold Council.

It makes sense when you consider the geopolitical and monetary policy backdrop. Gold is often considered a ‘safe-haven’ asset, with investors turning to it as a store of value in an increasingly volatile world. Gold also becomes more attractive as interest rates fall. Unlike cash, it doesn’t pay any interest, but this matters less when interest rates drop down to lower levels.

Central bank buying has also been an important driver of the gold price in recent years. Emerging market nations, particularly those hostile to the US, have been looking for an alternative to the dollar and this surge in demand has pushed the gold price up.

Goldman views the May pullback as a temporary reversal of a larger long term trend. “Despite its decline, gold’s strategic value remains strong, particularly in a global environment still marked by inflationary pressure, geopolitical fragility, and central bank accumulation,” he says.

If investors are bullish on the outlook for the gold price or want to introduce the metal to their portfolio as a hedge, there are several strategies they can take from buying gold bullion to investing in a gold ETF.

We take a look at the pros and cons of each approach.

Why invest in gold?

It’s worth asking why you should invest in gold in the first place. It’s obviously tempting to buy gold during a bull run like the one it has been enjoying, but before piling in, consider the advantages and disadvantages of investing in gold.

“Gold can be a highly effective hedge against governments’ monetary and fiscal profligacy (monetary debasements and currency devaluations) and tends to become the ultimate safe haven when global geopolitical shocks start to occur,” says James Luke, manager of the Schroder ISF Global Gold Fund.

Traditionally, bonds are used to diversify a portfolio away from equities, the theory being that when one underperforms, the other overperforms.

However, as Luke explains, bonds have shown a greater degree of correlation with equities in the current market. As such, gold currently offers a greater level of protection against a downturn in equities markets, given its lower degree of correlation.

Despite this, most investors are relatively underweight gold. “We absolutely believe gold deserves a place in investors’ portfolios,” says Luke. “In our view a traditional 60:40 portfolio would benefit from diversifying 10% into a gold allocation.”

How to invest in physical gold

One way to add gold to your portfolio is by buying physical gold, or bullion, in the form of bars and gold coins. Physical gold can be purchased from government mints such as the UK’s Royal Mint, precious metal dealers such as Sharps Pixley or GoldCore, and jewellers.

It is an unregulated market so you should be careful to avoid scams. One way to protect yourself is to always check whether a dealer is part of the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA), which sets standards across the industry.

As with any investment, it is important to do your own research on prices. Gold dealers make their money by selling for more than the spot price and buying for less. The difference – or spread – will vary depending on the gold content and weight of the bullion, who you buy from, and current supply and demand.

There are tax advantages to investing in physical gold as there is no stamp duty or VAT to pay on purchases. Additionally, sales of coins produced by the Royal Mint, including gold sovereigns and the popular Britannia, are tax-exempt as they are considered legal tender.

Gold coins can have more value than bars as they may be rarer and are often viewed as collectables, known as numismatic coins. The one-ounce South African Krugerrand, first produced in 1967, is the most common gold coin and normally trades at the cheapest premium over the spot price. Other popular coins are the UK gold sovereign, which is 22-carat gold, and the one-ounce Britannia.

As attractive as buying a gold bar or coin may be, you should also consider the cost of delivery, insurance and secure storage. One solution may be using an online investment service such as BullionVault, which lets you invest in gold bars or coins which are stored in its vaults. The Royal Mint also has a digital option that lets you invest in physical gold, silver or platinum based on monetary value instead of weight. It can then be stored in the Royal Mint’s vault.

How to invest in gold ETFs

A simpler and cheaper way to invest in gold is through exchange-traded funds (ETFs) or exchange-traded commodity (ETC) products. Take a look at our article on the best gold ETFs for more information. Analysts typically favour physical-backed ETFs or ETCs, such as iShares Physical Gold (LON:SGLN), over leverage-style products that rely on derivatives, adding extra complexity.

“An ETC owns physical gold and tracks the price,” says Ben Yearsley, investment director at Shore Financial Planning. “It’s as close as most people get as it’s simple and can be held in your SIPP and ISA.”

The main costs of investing in gold ETFs will be the ongoing charge and any platform fees. You won’t actually own any gold directly – although The Royal Mint Responsibly Sourced Physical Gold ETF (LON:RMAP) allows investors to exchange shares for physical gold coins or bars.

Owning a gold ETF or ETC will allow you to benefit from any growth in prices. Of course, you will also lose money if the gold price drops.

How to invest in gold mining stocks

Rather than buying actual gold, you could consider backing the companies involved in gold exploration or mining. This would mean buying shares in gold miners. This requires significantly more research than tracking the gold price, as a company’s success will be linked to its exploration activities, business strategy and management.

“Many investors believe that gold mining stocks essentially give you a leveraged play on the gold price – sometimes they are right, sometimes they are wrong,” says Ben Seager-Scott, chief investment officer at Forvis Mazars.

It largely depends on how the company is run. “You need to consider all the additional impacts of investing in an operating business, such as direct mining costs, operating costs, taxes, [and the] business environment,” he adds.

Investors should also pay attention to the size of the company, says Evangelos Assimakos, investment director at Rathbones Investment Management.

“Smaller companies will usually have a greater proportion of their operations in mines that have yet to start production and thus carry more execution risk should their plans get pushed further into the future or see a reduction in expected output,” he explains.

All that said, there are reasons why investing in gold miners could be a savvy play on the current gold bull run.

“Within an allocation to gold, we think an allocation to gold equities currently makes clear strategic sense,” says Luke. “That is because record high gold prices are supporting record high gold producer margins while equity valuations are at multi-decade lows.

“The sector is exhibiting all the characteristics required to outperform the underlying gold price; good balance sheets, cost inflation under control, disciplined management and very strong free cash flow that allows for dividends and share buybacks.

“Despite this, equity valuations remain close to secular lows. Given these dynamics, it is not hyperbolic to say that gold equities could rally 50% from here and still look inexpensive.”

While investing in gold miners can come with greater rewards too, you have to consider the possibility of losses.

Rather than picking individual gold mining stocks, you could select a fund consisting of gold mining stocks. For example, the L&G Gold Mining UCITS ETF (LON:AUCP) tracks the Global Gold Miners Index, and as such holds companies like Agnico-Eagle Mines (LON:0R2J) and Newmont (LON:0R28).

Opting for a gold fund theoretically reduces some of the individual company risk involved when investing in gold miners.

The pros and cons of investing in gold

One drawback of investing in gold is the lack of income you can get from physical gold or through gold ETFs which don’t pay dividends.

What’s more, the price of gold can be volatile over the short or medium term, making it hard to know if you are buying at the top or bottom of the market.

However, advocates see the metal as a useful diversifier, as its value and performance don’t correlate with those of other assets. It also has a reputation for retaining its value well in periods of inflation.

Interest rates are now on a downward trajectory across most major economies, which should also be supportive of the gold price. We take a closer look at gold’s fortunes in: “Is now a good time to invest in gold?”