The growth rates of 3% per year that Donald Trump is promising to deliver in the US are unrealistic, says bond fund manager Bill Gross of Janus Capital. They "belong to a bygone era". Potential growth today is much lower, due in part to weak productivity. While innovation "may be changing the face of finance and investment", this hasn't filtered through to the wider economy. "Productivity has flatlined over the past five years."
An ageing population could also hit demand, "since older people don't buy as many goods and services as younger people", but need "much more healthcare". Gross thinks America and Europe could ultimately end up following Japan, where the high proportion of elderly people has slashed growth and expanded debt. This represents a "problem for both growth and capitalism".
While central banks around the world continue to keep interest rates low to boost growth, "the price of credit is as low as it can possibly go", so it's hard to see how they could fall further.Even in the US, 30-year government bonds yield barely more than 2% a year. These policies may be encouraging people to "stuff their money into their mattresses, instead of productively investing it".
MoneyWeek
Subscribe to MoneyWeek today and get your first six magazine issues absolutely FREE
Sign up to Money Morning
Don't miss the latest investment and personal finances news, market analysis, plus money-saving tips with our free twice-daily newsletter
Don't miss the latest investment and personal finances news, market analysis, plus money-saving tips with our free twice-daily newsletter
With shares also expensive, the combination of high valuation and low growth means the trade-off between risk and reward is not in investors' favour. Indeed, "instead of buying low and selling high, you're buying high and crossing your fingers". Even in a best-case scenario, "low returns are inevitable" and there is a good chance they could end up being negative for both bonds and shares.
Get the latest financial news, insights and expert analysis from our award-winning MoneyWeek team, to help you understand what really matters when it comes to your finances.

-
The UK areas which saw biggest jump in asking prices in 2025 – is yours on the list?We look at the UK areas where asking prices rose the most last year.
-
‘Sandwich generation’ carers losing £6,000 a year to support elderly relativesMiddle-aged adults are often caught between caring for children or grandchildren and their elderly parents, leaving them taking time out of the workforce and facing a huge hit to wages while they are still trying to save for retirement. We look at the true cost of caring.