The US is now the world's largest oil producer, according to estimates from Bank of America.
This is all down to fracking, which has hugely boosted energy production in the US. As fracking has taken off, shares in companies that are directly involved have done very well.
For example, Chesapeake Energy (NYSE:CHK) is up 20% over the past year, while Devon Energy (NYSE: DVN) has jumped 36%.
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However, the firms that find and extract the oil aren't the only ones who stand to make a lot of money. The firms who sell services to the energy companies should also do well. This is especially true for companies that are trying to resolve some of the challenges the fracking industry still faces.
What are the challenges?
However, the ban was later lifted after studies showed that it was safe. Indeed, one expert at the University of Durham has estimated that the seismic impact of fracking is the same as someone falling off a ladder.
However, concerns about water supplies have a firmer foundation. Fracking can produce a lot of waste and this is a real challenge for the industry. Waste can include everything from chemicals used in the fracking process, to radioactive material from deep underneath the ground.
The good news is that proper disposal methods can eliminate virtually all of this risk. The problem is that properly disposing of large amounts of wastewater can be difficult and expensive. That's because you need to dig dedicated disposal wells that are separate from the main water supply. So regulation is very important here to make sure that fracking companies do dispose of wastewater safely.
In response to mounting political pressure, regulators in several American states are taking an increasingly tough line. California recently shut down a number of discharge wells and pledged to review over 100 others. Even states normally sympathetic to the industry are following suit. According to Brian O'Connell of research firm Prosdocimi, the time taken to get a permit for a disposal well in Texas has increased from around a month to between 12 and 18 months.
Thirsty process
In fact, it's estimated that around half the US counties in which fracking-related activity takes place are experiencing some form of drought.
Not only does this push up costs, it's a powerful argument for those opposed to fracking. No politician wants to be responsible for farmers going bust or for restrictions on homeowners' lawns and pools. Indeed, the amount of water consumed is a key part of the case made by opponents of fracking in California.
This isn't just an American problem, of course. Plans to develop fracking in China have repeatedly come up against the fact that most of China's shale oil and gas lies in areas plagued by water shortages. In one notorious case, drilling in one area ended up accidentally cutting off an entire city's water supply.
Water recycling
While several firms are working on recycling systems, one small company is currently in the lead. The Canadian listed Aqua-Pure Ventures (TSE: AQE) has developed two systems: ROVER, and a more advanced system called NOMAD. These collect the wastewater and filter out the harmful chemicals and sludge. This allows the purified water to be reused or safely discharged into the normal water supply. Either way, the main benefit is less net usage of water and less waste.
Aqua-Pure has a small market cap of $11.9m and is currently making a loss, so it's not for the fainthearted. However, it has several partnerships with fracking companies, including Devon Energy. It also has a joint venture with shale services company Select Energy. These partnerships should cut the risk for Aqua-Pure while it rolls out its technology.
Prosdocimi estimates that revenue will double this year from C$6.1m to C$13.6m. The company could start making a consistent profit later this year.
If you want to find out more about the pros and cons of fracking as well as some other ways you could make money, check out our latest fracking video.
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