Why China's revaluation can't solve America's problems

US lawmakers are pressurising China to let the renminbi float freely against the dollar. But they're wrong to believe that this will help save America's economy. However, in the long run, a revalued renminbi is good news for the whole of Asia. Cris Sholto Heaton explains why.

By Cris Sholto Heaton

published 28 June 2010

in Features

There was plenty of excitement last week, when the People's Bank of China announced that the country would be restoring some flexibility to its exchange rate system, unpegging the renminbi from the dollar.

The renminbi was supposed to start rising immediately. Many Shanghai stocks jumped on the prospect of lower import costs.

Of course, it didn't work out that way. The renminbi finished the week at 6.79 RMB/USD, from 6.83 RMB/USD before. I suspected this might prove less dramatic than people thought, so I held off from joining in the flood of speculation last week to see how things turned out.

Subscribe to MoneyWeek

Subscribe to MoneyWeek today and get your first six magazine issues absolutely FREE

Get 6 issues free

https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/flexiimages/mw70aro6gl1676370748.jpg

Sign up to Money Morning

Don't miss the latest investment and personal finances news, market analysis, plus money-saving tips with our free twice-daily newsletter

But with the benefit of a few days' distance, is there anything worth saying about China's new policy?

Chinese exporters aren't doomed

The US needs to solve its own problems

What about the trade balance? Will a higher renminbi cut import costs and encourage China to import more and export less? Will this bring down the US trade deficit?

Probably not. First, the appreciation is going to be very gradual. So it won't do much for import prices in the short term, although it will have more of an impact over several years.

More important, when it comes to the US deficit, is the matter of what China produces and buys. It exports a wide range of goods, from clothes and toys to electronic goods to steel, metals and industrial goods. In fact, it's been the increase in heavy industry exports such as steel that's driven its rising trade surplus in recent years.

On the other hand, it imports raw materials from countries such as Australia, components for assembly and re-export from most of Asia, and investment goods such as industrial equipment from advanced countries such as Japan and Korea.

Obviously, there are significant amounts of imports from the US as well, but you can see the snag. China doesn't need nearly as much of what the US produces as the US buys of what China produces. And what has happened to China's trade surplus over the last year or so shows this.

In the face of the global recession, China embarked on a huge stimulus policy. Imports soared far faster than exports. Its trade surplus shrank. Yet if you break that surplus down into the surplus with the rest of the world and the surplus with America, you get the following chart.

You can see that the overall surplus with the rest of the world dwindled to almost nothing. (This doesn't mean that China had balanced trade with every country in the rest of the world, just that the various deficits and surpluses netted out.) Yet the surplus with the US barely fell. In other words, US exports got virtually no boost from China's stimulus because the US doesn't make what China wants.

This is the problem with US arguments against China's trade policy and accusations of mercantilism. The reality is that while China certainly needs to boost domestic demand, that won't fix the US's problem through higher exports. America needs to rebalance its own excess demand. While the goods that it over-consumes may be made in China, the deficit itself is made in America.

This is not a popular political position. Hence all the talk is about China being a currency manipulator and indulging in unfair trade practices. The carefully-timed unpegging will take the political heat off for a while. But because it's unlikely to have a real impact on the deficit, that won't last for ever.

Expert tips & advice for investing in Asia! Claim your FREE guides from MoneyWeek that include:

How to go about investing to Asia
Which brokers to use to buy foreign shares

Expect grumblings about China to grow again in due course. Increased protectionism such as tariffs on Chinese imports remain a real risk. They're both damaging and futile: if Chinese goods were to become uncompetitive through a huge rise in the renminbi or through tariffs, other low-cost exporters such as India, Indonesia, Vietnam or Bangladesh would simply take its place in many industries.

But that doesn't mean protectionist measures won't be put in place. So China and emerging Asia in general need to push ahead with measures to become more domestically dependent and strengthen regional trade. The world has changed and export-orientated growth will no longer work as well as it has in the past for them.

Hot money is not only an issue for China

The most obvious impact we're likely to see from the unpegged renminbi is in financial flows. The People's Bank of China has done its best to talk down expectations for a rapid rise in the renminbi. It's talked more about flexibility, suggesting that the currency could be allowed to rise and fall, and tried to imply that it isn't a one-way bet.

This is to try to dissuade 'hot money' flowing into China to benefit from the rise in the renminbi. So far, markets seem to be taking the central bank at its word, pricing in a rise of just a couple of percent in the exchange rate over the next year or so. That's unlikely to lure much speculation.

But if the renminbi gets moving again, that could change. The central bank has experience dealing with inflows, both from hot money and from the trade surplus. And indeed, with the overall surplus falling in the last couple of years, even strong speculative inflows would probably leave it needing to mop up less liquidity than it did in the middle of the decade (see chart below). Still, this is something that will be closely watched.

Of course, the bets on rising currencies aren't just on the renminbi. Most other Asian countries fix their exchange rates to some extent. China's unpegging will allow them to let their currencies rise more without risking their manufacturers losing too much competitiveness.

That means that these countries might well see hot inflows as well. Given the fact that they mostly have far less in the way of capital controls and much less of a policy of removing excess liquidity, it could have a bigger effect on them.

One of the key problems for Asian central banks over the next few years is likely to be dealing with speculation. A strong growth and development story in a region where many currencies are undervalued is going to attract a lot of foreign money. The prospect that some kind of bubble develops eventually is extremely high.

In the meantime, steadily rising currencies are a major bonus for those of us investing from abroad. The renminbi unpegging will help move that trend along. It won't be quick, but in the long run Asia's currencies are only going one way.

This article is from MoneyWeek Asia, a FREE weekly email of investment ideas and news every Monday from MoneyWeek magazine, covering the world's fastest-developing and most exciting region. Sign up to MoneyWeek Asia here

Cris Sholto Heaton is an investment analyst and writer who has been contributing to MoneyWeek since 2006 and was managing editor of the magazine between 2016 and 2018. He is especially interested in international investing, believing many investors still focus too much on their home markets and that it pays to take advantage of all the opportunities the world offers. He often writes about Asian equities, international income and global asset allocation.

Cris began his career in financial services consultancy at PwC and Lane Clark & Peacock, before an abrupt change of direction into oil, gas and energy at Petroleum Economist and Platts and subsequently into investment research and writing. In addition to his articles for MoneyWeek, he also works with a number of asset managers, consultancies and financial information providers.

He holds the Chartered Financial Analyst designation and the Investment Management Certificate, as well as degrees in finance and mathematics. He has also studied acting, film-making and photography, and strongly suspects that an awareness of what makes a compelling story is just as important for understanding markets as any amount of qualifications.