Beginner's guide to mortgages
A property mortgage is the biggest debt most of us will ever take on. So choosing the right one is vital. Tim Bennett explains the basics of mortgages and highlights the main pitfalls to avoid.
A property mortgage is the biggest debt most of us will ever take on. So choosing the right one is vital. Tim Bennett explains the basics of mortgages and highlights the main pitfalls to avoid.
Transcript
So what is a mortgage? That's what we'll cover in this video, and what some of the key bits of jargon, plastered all over the newspapers, actually mean.
A mortgage is a secured loan. That makes it different from a loan that you might take out, for example, unsecured to buy a car or just simply by racking up credit card debt or using a store card. Those are unsecured. Now, the difference is very simple.
Try 6 free issues of MoneyWeek today
Get unparalleled financial insight, analysis and expert opinion you can profit from.
Sign up for MoneyWeek’s free twice-daily newsletter.
Join more than 165,000 subscribers and keep yourself informed with latest financial news, insights and expert analysis to help you understand what really matters when it comes to your finances.
Join more than 165,000 subscribers and keep yourself informed with latest financial news, insights and expert analysis to help you understand what really matters when it comes to your finances.
For a secured loan, a mortgage, you go to a bank, say, "I want to borrow £100,000", for argument's sake. The bank says, "That's fine, Tim, but we want the loan secured on an asset", that asset being the house you plan to buy. The deal is simple and it's a two-sided deal.
In return for that security, the bank will offer you a low interest rate, much lower than on, say, a car loan or a credit card or a store card loan. You can pick up mortgage rates for around 4% or 5% at the moment, depending on the period you go for. Whereas unsecured store card loans could cost you up to 30%. So that's the upside. The interest rate is low because the loan is secured, and that means if you fail to repay it or keep up with repayments, the bank reserves the right to seize your property and sell it and use the proceeds to repay the loan.
So a mortgage has one benefit upfront the interest rate tends to be a lot lower than you can get on other loans, because the bank has a lot of security, in the form of your property. Now property prices can go down as well as up, which is why banks don't always lend, or certainly not any more, the full value of the property to somebody who wants a mortgage. The heady days, the ridiculous days before the financial crisis, are now long gone.
Loan to value
loan to value
People who've seen my videos before will know that graphics are a particular forte of mine, so there's a house. Let's say that the value of the house on the open market is £100,000 and you plan to put down a £30,000 deposit. Lucky you.
That means you need a £70,000 loan or mortgage. Now, how do I know you've put down a £30,000 deposit? Maybe you can't afford a £30,000 deposit. The deposit is down to what you can manage to scrimp and save together, persuade parents or friends to give you, whatever it happens to be. So you've got a deposit from somewhere and the rest is the mortgage. So a combination of what's called equity', that's your bit, and a loan from the bank, secured on the property, makes up the funding for the £100,000 property.
Now, here, the LTV, as you'll sometimes see it quoted in the press, is simply that compared to that as a percentage. So here the LTV is £70,000, as a proportion of the value of the property. The loan to value ratio is 70%. In simple terms, basically the higher that is, the harder it is to get the loan. Now, back in the ridiculous days pre financial crisis, there were banks around that would say, "No problem, you could have LTVs of more than 100%, 125%". You could actually borrow more than the value of the property from a bank. They'd even give you hints and tips as to what to do with the extra. So on a £100,000 property, this may sound a little mad, but it was happening, you could borrow £125,000. I'm not kidding, there were bank websites saying things like, "Well, book yourself a holiday. Buy a car with the extra."
Now that is madness and got a lot of people into big trouble, which is why LTVs tend to be a lot lower now, because of something called negative equity', which is the third bit of jargon I'll cover just now.
But here's my takeaway: the higher the loan to value ratio, naturally the higher the interest rate and the harder the mortgage will be to come across. So if you can, scrimp together as much of a deposit as you can get hold of, bringing down the loan to value ratio, you'll tend to find that better deals then become available.
Negative equity
Well, unfortunately if you allow someone to borrow a huge amount of money and the value of the property then drops So imagine, for example, if I take out the deposit altogether and I make the loan 100%. Imagine the whole thing, still following my scribblings here, is funded by a mortgage. The danger is this: if the value of the property then drops, which it could do, to £90,000, you are now in something called negative equity'. That's the danger of taking out loans that are a high proportion of the value of the property.
Negative equity means the property is not worth enough to pay back the loan. £90,000, if you sold the property tomorrow, won't pay back a loan of £100,000. That's a problem. It can leave you unable to move, for example. That's a trap that quite a few people unfortunately, knowingly or otherwise, probably unknowingly, fell into as property prices started to come off once we hit the financial crisis in 2007. That's why unfortunately banks are now being very, very conservative. Unfortunately, because it makes it harder for a lot of people to get onto the property ladder at all. Okay, so that's negative equity, what the Americans call being underwater'.
Interest only or repayment mortgage?
Interest-only is tempting. With interest-only you borrow, let's say £100,000, and you commit to just pay the bank the interest on the loan at whatever rate that happens to be 4%, for argument's sake. So you're not paying back the £100,000. Now, how's that work? You've got to pay it back at some point.
The idea is you just write a cheque. You pay the bank the interest every month on the loan and then you set up another vehicle that will eventually pay off the capital, because you've got to still pay off the £100,000 as well as the interest. And that could be some sort of equity-based product. They used to be known as endowment mortgages'.
Now, the upside to interest-only loans is that the payment every month to the bank is lower than it would be if you were paying them back interest and some of the original capital of £100,000. That's the upside. The downside is you've got to be pretty damn sure that whatever you're going to use to repay the capital after 20 or 25 years, for argument's sake, is enough to do the job. The problem a lot of people found or have found in the past is they set up these little investment funds on the side saying, "Well, after 20 years this will have grown, the FTSE 100 fund, to £100,000 or more, so I'll be able to clear my mortgage and have a party".
The problem is if the equity market plummets, your little savings vehicle isn't enough to repay the original loan. Then you've got a problem. So interest-only mortgages are attractive because the initial repayment to the bank will be relatively low, but you've got to have some way to pay off the capital that you've borrowed in the future.
The alternative is a repayment mortgage. As the name suggests, there, every month your repayment to the bank is interest on the loan, 4%, for argument's sake, plus a little bit of the original capital you borrowed. So the idea being that after 25 years, for example, you will have cleared all of the £100,000, if that's the amount you borrowed, that you owe the bank. Now, the downside to that one is you will find your monthly payments to the bank are a little bit higher because they include interest and some capital. Of course, the upside is you know, provided you keep your job and keep up the repayments, you will clear your mortgage after 20 or 25 years. No doubt about it because you are chipping away at the capital every month.
Some traps to watch out for
So decision tree so far is, how much do I want to borrow? How much do I need to borrow? How much of a deposit have I got versus the amount required to buy the property I'm after? That will affect the deal you can get from a bank. But then you need to decide on the amount you're borrowing. Am I going to go down the interest-only or the repayment-style route? And I've already highlighted a couple of criteria to think about when making that decision.
Now, let's say for a moment I've picked a repayment-style mortgage. There are one or two other things to look out for. Number one, when you're looking up mortgage rates, and you can look up on sites like Moneyfacts and Moneysupermarket and so on, you can look up these rates on a number of different sites. When you're looking up mortgage rates, just watch out because you might see a juicy low rate and think, "Aha, brilliant, 3%". And you think, "Well, that's a really low interest rate, I'm having some of that". Watch out.
Number one, is there an arrangement fee on top? Some lenders, will charge you quite a meaty arrangement fee. We could be talking £1,000, £1,400, £2,000 just to set up the mortgage. All of a sudden that 3% is not looking quite so good. So you need to compare apples with pears. Is 3% with an arrangement fee the same as 5% with no arrangement fee? So there's one little trap to watch out for. Always check the arrangement fee.
Number two, watch out for low-ball initial deals. The ones where the bank says, "Come to us, borrow from us because what we can do is set you up for a few years on a really low rate". But then watch out because once that low rate period ends, you might be kicked into what's called the standard variable rate, SVR. And that may be, first of all, not a fixed rate, and secondly a lot higher.
Thirdly, redemption penalties. If you take out a deal and it commits you to a minimum number of repayments over a number of years, watch out that you're not stung if you need to switch product or kick out of there early. Because if something goes wrong, you may be stung for a big redemption penalty simply to get out of the mortgage early or move it or change it. So there's a few traps to watch out for when you're shopping around for a mortgage.
So just to recap there, a mortgage is a secured loan. The good news is that means you can borrow lower than you would on other types of loan. First decision to make, how much do I need to borrow? The less you need to borrow the better the deal you'll get. Third thing just to bear in mind is that you've got to make a decision between interest-only and repayment. You've also got to make a decision between paying a fixed rate and paying a variable rate of interest. Lots of things to think about here. Fixed rates, certainty. Variable rates, well, the opportunity may be for your mortgage payments to go down if interest rates fall as well as up if they rise. So you have another decision to make there. Do watch out for little stings in the tail, including arrangement fees, low initial rates to grab you in, and redemption penalties.
Join more than 165,000 subscribers and keep yourself informed with the latest financial news, insights and expert analysis to help you understand what really matters when it comes to your finances.
Tim graduated with a history degree from Cambridge University in 1989 and, after a year of travelling, joined the financial services firm Ernst and Young in 1990, qualifying as a chartered accountant in 1994.
He then moved into financial markets training, designing and running a variety of courses at graduate level and beyond for a range of organisations including the Securities and Investment Institute and UBS. He joined MoneyWeek in 2007.
