UK inflation is at a 30-year high and it hasn’t peaked yet

Food prices are going up – along with everything else

(Image credit: © DANIEL LEAL/AFP via Getty Images)

published 19 January 2022

The difference between CPI and RPI inflation – and why it matters

UK inflation is now rising at its fastest pace since the early 1990s, regardless of which measure you use.

Consumer prices, retail prices, retail prices excluding mortgage costs, “core” consumer prices (no food, no fuel, no booze, no cigarettes – nothing you need, in other words) – are all at the highest they’ve been in 30-odd years.

So what happens now?

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The Bank of England has never missed the inflation target by this much

In December, the Bank of England’s target measure of inflation – the consumer prices index (CPI) – rose at an annual rate of 5.4%. The Bank is meant to keep that number to 2%, give or take a percentage point, or else the governor has to write a letter to the chancellor explaining why inflation has overshot (or undershot, as has been frequently the case over the last ten years or so).

The Bank of England’s previous inflation target is looking even messier. Before 2003, the Bank targeted the retail price index excluding mortgage interest costs (RPIX). It had to keep this measure to 2.5%, with one percentage point’s grace on either side.

The RPIX measure excluded mortgage interest costs because if inflation was too high, the Bank would want to raise interest rates. That in turn would have pushed up mortgage interest costs, and so it would look as though they’d made inflation worse.

This makes sense at a practical level, but at another it also shows how hard it is to pin down what we mean by inflation. After all, if my mortgage bill goes up, my cost of living has gone up.

Anyway, both of these measures are now higher than we’ve seen since the early 1990s. What’s more, as Paul Dales of Capital Economics points out, “CPI inflation is now further above the Bank of England’s target than at any point since the UK first adopted an inflation target in October 1992”.

That raises an interesting question to which you probably already know the answer: why have central banks become worse at controlling inflation over the past 30 years? Is it because of the change of personnel? Is it because they changed the number of semicolons they use in the minutes? Is it because of quantitative easing?

Or is it – bear with me – just maybe because they don’t really control inflation in the first place? And that the only reason inflation targeting by an apparently expert technocracy came in was because everyone agreed after the 1970s and 1980s that inflation was bad, and so the idea was politically popular?

Central banks remained in charge of interest rates because the backdrop was disinflationary, which meant that the 2% inflation target allowed for an ongoing loosening of monetary policy which politicians were only too happy with.

Now things are going the other way; now hard choices have to be made. And – surprise, surprise – the politicians are getting back in on the act. We’ve got prices being capped – or threatened with capping – all over Europe (energy prices); we’ve already got a lot of politics around the Federal Reserve, and we’re only going to see more of it.

Inflation could be heading above 7% on the official measure alone

What does it mean for your money? I struggle to see interest rates moving much higher as a result of this, at least in the first instance. The Bank of England is moving out of “emergency” mode, but it really is caught between a rock and a hard place. Higher inflation will hurt, but higher interest rates would hurt too.

It’s not as though they can just shrug this off. The Bank’s predictions have persistently undershot, and Capital Economics reckons that they’ll undershoot again – it sees inflation coming in at above 7% in April (and that’s just on CPI, never mind RPIX); it also thinks that inflation will stay above 4% all year and won’t return to target until at least April 2023.

So we have a nasty juggling act. The fact is that this sort of inflation is more of a problem for your immediate finances than for your long-term ones.

You can attempt to inflation-proof your portfolio – there are assets that tend to do better or resist better in times of higher inflation. And if you’re investing for the long run, you also have time on your side – things won’t always be like this (although they might be like this for longer than you think).

But on your personal finances, this is tougher. Energy bills are going up and you will struggle to cut them regardless of how talented a switcher you are. Food prices are going up. The cost of your mortgage probably won’t move much, but it’s hard to see it falling unless you’ve been pretty negligent with shopping around in recent years.

One thing that’s not going up is the interest rate on your savings. The interest rate on your savings has been negative for a long time, but at an inflation rate of near enough 6%-8%, the damage starts to get very significant.

Can you do anything about that? Honestly, not really. If the money is in cash, then it’s presumably in cash for a reason – you need it in case of emergencies, or you need it for a short-term financial goal (loosely speaking, five years or less) which you can’t afford to risk delaying.

What should you do? You’ll note that most of my points above relate to people whose personal finances are in perfect order. If you’re anything like me or any other normal human being, there’s probably room for improvement on that front.

So take a weekend, go through your personal finances, and make sure that you’re using all of your assets efficiently. Maybe you already are. But it’s times like these – when costs are rising and there are no easy bailouts round the corner – that force the issue.

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John is the executive editor of MoneyWeek and writes our daily investment email, Money Morning. John graduated from Strathclyde University with a degree in psychology in 1996 and has always been fascinated by the gap between the way the market works in theory and the way it works in practice, and by how our deep-rooted instincts work against our best interests as investors.

He started out in journalism by writing articles about the specific business challenges facing family firms. In 2003, he took a job on the finance desk of Teletext, where he spent two years covering the markets and breaking financial news. John joined MoneyWeek in 2005.

His work has been published in Families in Business, Shares magazine, Spear's Magazine, The Sunday Times, and The Spectator among others. He has also appeared as an expert commentator on BBC Radio 4's Today programme, BBC Radio Scotland, Newsnight, Daily Politics and Bloomberg. His first book, on contrarian investing, The Sceptical Investor, was released in March 2019. You can follow John on Twitter at @john_stepek.