High street banks and building societies have been battling it out with challenger banks such as Monzo and Starling, but Nationwide is fighting back by leveraging traditional roots with more presence on the high street as it pledges to open more branches with customer facing services.

Plus, its attractive Fairer Share scheme which has consistently paid a £100 bonus to loyal customers for four years as it shares profits with members.

You’ve more than likely seen the Nationwide adverts of Dominic West playing the pompous and out-of-touch chief executive of A.N.Y. Bank.

But behind the light-hearted campaign, Nationwide is winning the hearts of current account holders, bagging 65,000 new customers in the first quarter of this year, according to the latest available figures from the Current Account Switch Service.

In comparison, Barclays, which plans to close 166 branches in 2026 and 2027, bagged 18,500 new customers. Lloyds netted just 12,000 new customers; it has closed 397 branches since March 2022.

At its Annual General Meeting earlier this month, Dame Debbie Crosbie, chief executive officer of Nationwide, said the building society was “thinking carefully about whether there are any spots where it would make sense for us to open new branches”.

“I can say that it's currently under review, and there may be a few locations that we identify the need for a new branch,” she said.

Tom Riley, group director of retail products at Nationwide added that customers were deciding to switch because “they can see the difference a large-scale mutual is making”.

Nationwide’s £175 switching sweetener, paid to eligible new customers when they move current accounts, has also helped the bank gain new customers.

Nationwide’s pledge to keep bank branches open

Banks have justified closures saying customers are increasingly carrying out transactions online, but charities have warned they risk leaving the elderly and those living in rural communities in danger of financial exclusion.

Nationwide is bucking this trend and through its “Branch Promise” has pledged to not close any more branches until 2030 at the earliest.

The building society had initially committed to keeping its nearly 700 branches open until 2028, but extended the pledge in November 2025.

Martyn James, personal finance and consumer rights expert, said Nationwide’s commitment to the high street was an “astute move”.

He said: “Vast numbers of people need an actual branch to go into, including the millions of carers for vulnerable people, small businesses that take cash, people with specific needs or vulnerabilities and people who just don't like online services.”

How other building societies and banks are pledging to keep branches open

Other building societies are also following Nationwide’s ambitions.

Newcastle Building Society is growing its branch network, opening a new site in Guisborough, North Yorkshire, in April.

The building society says it has invested more than £12 million to grow and improve its network of branches since 2015.

In July, Cumberland Building Society pledged to keep all its 31 branches open as it looks to prevent the decline in the high street.

Andrew Gall, head of savings, consumer and insight at the Building Society Association, said: “Building society branches continue to play an important role because they offer something many customers still value: trusted, face-to-face support alongside digital and telephone services.”

In recent months, major banks have also made pledges to keep bank branches open and invest in their existing branch networks, recognising that customers possibly value it more than previously thought.

In July, Santander, which owns TSB, announced it would not close any more of its 480 branches before 2028 at the earliest.

In December 2025, HSBC promised to keep all its remaining sites open until at least 2027.

Fairer Share payment

Nationwide paid over four million customers a £100 “Fairer Share” payment in June this year – the fourth consecutive year it had made the payment since 2023.

When the building society launched it for the first time four years ago, Crosbie said it was “part of our enduring commitment to rewarding our members”.

Vicky Reynal, financial psychotherapist and recent guest on the MoneyWeek Talks Podcast, said the appeal behind the Fairer Share payment was the surprise element, but also that it makes customers feel like they are part of something bigger in an “increasingly lonely and disconnected world”.

Reynal said: “The financial services industry has often suffered a perception from customers that their interests are with shareholders rather than account holders, so this handout feels to customers like a different positioning, like a bank that cares about its account holders.”

Families are facing a major shake-up to the inheritance tax regime from April 2027 when unused pensions will form part of estates for inheritance tax (IHT) purposes.

Historically, many pension pots have fallen outside the IHT net, making them a useful vehicle to transfer wealth through generations. But under new rules, announced in the 2024 Autumn Budget by then chancellor Rachel Reeves, unused pension funds will no longer be able to be passed down without facing an IHT liability from 6 April 2027. The change is expected to drag over 10,000 extra estates into the IHT net in 2027/28.

Gary Smith, senior client partner at wealth manager Evelyn Partners, said the rule change will have major impacts on how people spend their pensions in retirement as well as making wills and estate planning far more complex.

But while the headline would suggest all pensions will fall under the scope of IHT, the rules are more nuanced than this.

Here's everything that is expected to change and how to prepare.

How will inheritance tax be applied to pensions from April 2027?

From April 2027, most unused pension funds and pension death benefits will be liable for an IHT bill, should it tip the value of an estate over the nil-rate band of £325,000.

Specifically, this is what will be included for IHT purposes:

• Personal (private) or occupational defined contribution (money purchase) pension funds
• Any inherited pension funds that remain in drawdown
• Pension funds that are paid into a trust on death
• Guaranteed payment period income or value protection lump sums paid from an annuity
• Defined benefit (final salary) lump sum death benefits

When inheritance tax won’t be owed from April 2027

There are some circumstances when IHT won’t be owed after the new rules come into force. These include:

Death in service benefits

Death in service benefits linked to either a defined contribution or defined benefit pension will not be liable for IHT. Death in service benefits are payments made to the beneficiary of a pension owner who dies while working for a company.

Clare Moffat, pensions and tax expert at pensions and investment firm Royal London, said it’s worth updating paperwork to ensure your death in service benefit goes to the person you want it to.

“Many people fill in an expression of wish form when they start a job – one for their pension and one for the death in service scheme,” Moffat said. “Keeping both up to date is important. If you die while still working, it allows the scheme administrator to know who you’d like to receive the death benefits.”

Dependants’ scheme pensions

A dependants' scheme pension, which pays a regular income to a “dependant” on the pension holder’s death, will not be subject to IHT under the new changes. The government defines a “dependant” as a surviving spouse, civil partner, child or anyone else who is financially dependent on you.

Trivial commutation

This is a lump sum payment, instead of a regular monthly one, made from an inherited dependants' scheme and will also be exempt. The lump sum has to be under £30,000 to qualify for trivial commutation.

Joint-life annuities

No IHT will be owed on joint-life annuities, which pay out to another person on your death.

Joint-life annuities usually pay out to surviving spouses, civil partners or to people who are financially dependent on you.

Death benefits paid to spouses, civil partners or charity

Death benefits transferred to a spouse or civil partner won’t be subject to IHT, if they are UK long-term UK residents. The same rule applies if pension death benefits are paid to charity.

The state pension

The state pension will not fall within the scope of inheritance tax from April 2027 and will apply only to personal and workplace pension schemes.

Why the majority of estates won’t owe inheritance tax after the changes

The government estimates that of the roughly 213,000 estates with inheritable pension wealth in 2027/28, around 10,500 will have an IHT liability where they wouldn’t have before.

Moffatt, from Royal London, said: “Many people are concerned about pensions being subject to inheritance tax, however, even with pensions being included, the majority of estates won’t have to pay it.

“Most people will need their pensions in retirement and if they don’t use the whole pot, it will pass to a husband, wife, or civil partner inheritance tax-free.”

That said, those who are wealthier will obviously be at greater risk of being dragged into paying IHT, or paying a higher amount than they would have before, from April 2027.

Anyone in this position should consider how gifting can reduce an eventual IHT bill while providing financial support to a loved one.

“I hate losing money more than anything. Losing money is what kills you. It is not the actual loss. It's the fact that it messes up your psychology,” Michael Platt of BlueCrest Capital Management observed in 2012.

So, just imagine how angry he is at losing a high-stakes £200 million battle with HMRC over the employment status of some of his traders, says The Times. The Supreme Court has thrown out BlueCrest's appeal, ruling that payments to some of BlueCrest's “partners” were effectively “disguised salary” and should be taxed accordingly.

Platt was so livid he launched a broadside, declaring that the UK is “no longer a serious contender as a place to do business” because of the taxman's propensity to shift guidance rules and move goalposts. It was a rare loss of composure in public from the publicity-shy financier from Preston, Lancashire, who has flown “under the radar” to build one of the world's leading hedge funds – now more properly described as his multi-billion-dollar private family office.

The ruling has implications for limited liability partnerships across the financial-services industry. Still, the consensus among City lawyers and industry peers is that BlueCrest had devised a “particularly aggressive” remuneration structure, says the Financial Times. That's no surprise given Platt's history of pushing the envelope in all matters financial.

But the judgment has brought “unwanted publicity” to a man who has spent “the best part of two decades cultivating a reputation as one of the industry's most private figures”, with only the occasional lapse. In 2019, he was filmed bragging about his wealth in the back of a New York taxi: “I'm the highest-earning person in the world of finance”.

What is Michael Platt's net worth?

Platt's success has certainly been extraordinary. Forbes puts his private worth at $20.9 billion, placing him among Britain's wealthiest, although he has long since decamped to more tax-friendly climes. In 2010, he moved the group's headquarters to Guernsey, days before the UK government's new top rate of income tax took effect.

“Platt's empire, built on mathematical precision and unrelenting secrecy, is a study in controlled opacity,” says The Capital Review in Singapore – one of several BlueCrest international outposts, including New York and Dubai. Platt himself stopped trading publicly after 2010, but has remained “deeply involved” in strategy, risk allocation and personnel decisions.

The firm's “signature” is his “obsession with data and asymmetry – the idea that small mispricings could yield outsized returns if traded with precision”. Former colleagues describe him as “analytical, detached and surgical – a man who reads numbers like prose”.

How Michael Platt built his fortune

In Platt's own account, it was his grandmother who set him on the road to hedge-fund wizardry. Born in 1968, his background was academic yet practical: his father was a lecturer in civil engineering, his mother worked in administration. But it was his grandmother who gave him shares as a teenager and taught him the basics of investing. After graduating, he joined JPMorgan where he became a managing director of proprietary trading, notes The Telegraph, before founding BlueCrest in 2000.

The early years were “explosive”, says The Capital Review. By the mid-2000s, BlueCrest was managing more than $10 billion and went on profitably to surf the volatility of the 2008-2009 financial crisis. The firm's success was partly down to Platt's trading acuity – he had a knack for “quantifying instincts” – and also sheer drive.

The upshot was a hard-charging culture where traders were ranked, rewarded and ruthlessly replaced; insiders called it a “meritocracy of terror”. How galling for a man who hates to lose, says the FT, that the “one opponent his firm has struggled to beat” is HMRC.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

The common perception of elite level, world class boxers is that they ooze confidence. While confidence is important, there is a clear line between being confident and reckless.

When I was trading punches under the bright lights in fights around the world, there were moments where my mind would release a surge of confidence. That confidence, when mentally mishandled, occasionally transpired into shots being thrown harder than necessary, drifting into hope rather than discipline in search of a knockout blow.

I would tend to hear the guiding voice from the corner of the ring: "Relax, Delicious, Relax – You got time”.

At the highest level of boxing, loading a big punch is dangerous. When you put too much into a shot, it becomes telegraphed. A smart fighter only has to wait for a small opening to hit you on the button. One moment of impatience or idleness guided by emotion and the fight goes against you.

When it comes to money and pension planning – investing can seem like a fight.

Fighting for the long-term

Parents and grandparents know too well that for the younger generation, the temptation to swing big is real. Housing costs, inflation and everyday expenses have made building wealth feel like a distant dream for most of Gen Z and HENRYs (high net-worth, not rich yet), housing is the clearest sign of the squeeze. The average house price in the UK is around £300,000, while average full-time earnings were around £39,300, meaning the average home cost roughly 7.6 times annual earnings. Compare that with the late 1990s, when house prices were closer to three to four times earnings in many areas. That gap doesn't just mean working harder, it breeds the kind of pressure that makes discipline harder to hold onto.

When pressure becomes overwhelming, desperation or resignation takes control. It makes people act from emotion, searching for an escape rather than a solution, the financial equivalent of loading everything into one punch and hoping it lands. We saw this during the 2021 meme stock frenzy and the cryptocurrency explosion, where many people chased life-changing returns overnight. Most retail investors who trade this way end up losing money, whether they're in and out within days or holding for years.

It's tempting, under that same pressure, to write off the long game altogether, to assume that saving for a retirement decades away is pointless when the cost of living is squeezing you right now. But that instinct works against you. According to the Pension Policy Institute, only 46% of Gen Z believe the state pension will still exist by the time they retire. If anything, that uncertainty makes building your own retirement pot more urgent, not less.

Research and history consistently tell us that building wealth is less exciting but much more effective than chasing a knockout. US-based research from The Millionaire Next Door by Thomas Stanley and William Danko found that most self-made millionaires are ordinary people who live below their means and understand the consistent game of investing.

In the UK, household wealth is dominated by housing and pensions. This is ‘asset-based’ forms of wealth, where growth comes mainly from price appreciation and compounding over time rather than wages alone. Pensions are one of the simplest ways to step onto that asset ladder. The younger you are, the more it feels like you're strapped to a jetpack as you climb it, because time turns those small steps up the ladder into leaps eventually.

Small, consistent actions repeated over time beats risky bets. This is where the power of compounding comes in, famously described as "the eighth wonder of the world" by Albert Einstein.

I like to think of compounding as my sparring partner. While there was always noise outside about how good I was as a fighter or how I performed in my last fight, we were working quietly behind closed doors. No headlines, no opinions. Just hard work every day, improving and building strength.

Why are we not talking about pensions and compounding?

Making the most of your age and increasing your pension contributions where possible fits naturally into the picture. When I was boxing, nobody mentioned pensions, retirement felt like something that only happens to other people. Then I came across a statistic that changed everything for me.

Assuming 7% annual growth, if you invest £200 a month from age 20 to 30 and then stop, you'll have put in £24,000 and by age 65, that pot grows to around £370,000. Now take a mate who starts investing at 30 and keeps going all the way to 65, let’s call him Steve. Despite contributing £60,000 more than you overall, Steve ends up with about £360,000, slightly less than your pot, even though you stopped contributing 35 years earlier. That's before factoring in the government top-ups your contributions attract along the way.

With the state pension slowly becoming something we are not banking on, this is exactly the kind of number that should change how urgently you treat your own pot. The power of compounding hits harder than a clean uppercut.

Win on points

The smartest boxers don't chase knockouts. They win through consistency, wearing their opponent down like water wears away stone.

Investing is the same. Stop chasing the knockout. Go the full 12 and win on points.

Over one million Brits are set to be additional rate taxpayers in the 2026/27 tax year, with record numbers paying above the basic rate of income tax according to the latest HMRC projections.

The number of people in the highest tax bracket is set to reach 1.3 million this year, double the number in 2021/22, as a record 3.2% of the population have an income of at least £125,140.

The number of additional rate taxpayers has ballooned by 33.8% since the 2023/24 tax year as tax thresholds have not increased in line with inflation.

Meanwhile, the number of higher rate (40%) taxpayers is also rising rapidly. An estimated 7.7 million Brits are set to pay tax at this rate in the 2026/27 tax year as they earn between £50,270 and £125,140 – up by 34% compared to figures from the 2023/24 tax year.

The overall number of people paying tax in the UK is up too. There are projected to be a total 40.8 million taxpayers across all bands in the 2026/27 tax year, up from 36.7 million in 2023/24.

Frozen thresholds are dragging more Brits into higher tax bands

The higher and additional rate tax bands are seeing fast increases as more people’s incomes rise above the thresholds.

But many of them are paying tax at higher rates than they would have in 2021/22 when adjusted for inflation.

This is a result of a process called ‘fiscal drag’, where tax thresholds are frozen by the government and not uprated with inflation. That means that when workers’ earnings rise (even just to keep up with inflation), they are ‘dragged’ into higher tax brackets.

Fiscal drag is often called a stealth tax because, while tax rates have technically not increased, more people start to pay income tax at higher rates despite their purchasing power not increasing significantly.

For example, the tax-free personal allowance has remained at £12,570 since 2021 and has not increased with inflation. If it had, then, using the Bank of England’s inflation calculator, it should have risen to around £16,013 by May 2026.

Thanks to frozen thresholds, workers are paying tax on their earnings between £12,570 and £16,013 when they wouldn’t be if thresholds had increased in line with inflation.

Laura Suter, director of personal finance at AJ Bell, said: “Frozen tax thresholds are affecting almost everyone who pays income tax, from pensioners to anyone earning more than the £12,570 personal allowance. But the biggest impact is felt by those pushed into a higher tax band.

“Once your income exceeds £50,270, every additional pound you earn is taxed at 40%, rather than the 20% basic rate. That means a much larger slice of any pay rise goes to the taxman, leaving you with far less extra money in your monthly payslip.

How to lower your tax bill

Fiscal drag can be damaging to your personal finances as it means you are keeping less of your earnings than you otherwise would have if thresholds had increased with inflation.

It can be particularly difficult for people whose earnings sit on the edge between tax bands. For example, someone who earns £50,000 will today pay the basic 20% rate of income tax. However, if their earnings increase by just 2% (£1,000), £730 of this will be dragged into the higher 40% tax band.

In this situation, the only way you can lower your tax bill is to reduce your taxable income. That does not mean saying no to a pay rise – it means using the extra cash in a more tax-efficient way.

The simplest way of doing this is to put more money into your pension through salary sacrifice as this is deducted from your pre-tax income.

If you earned £51,000, you would need to pay 40% income tax on the £730 of your income that sits in the higher rate tax bracket. However, if you put this into your pension through salary sacrifice instead you would be taxed 0% on that £730.

There are other salary sacrifice schemes in the workplace too where you can pay for certain things out of your pre-tax income. The most common of these is the ‘cycle to work’ scheme where you can pay for a bike with tax relief, but schemes exist to pay for electric cars and other goods and services.

Hundreds of thousands more pensioners look set to pay income tax than the government previously estimated, according to new HMRC figures.

Since freezing the thresholds in 2021, more people – especially pensioners – have been caught by the income tax net.

The tax allowance was set at £12,570 in 2021/22. Since then, three million more people over 65 are due to pay tax and for the first time, more than 10 million people in this age group will be liable.

Why are more pensioners paying tax?

Steve Webb, partner at pension consultants LCP and the former pensions minister, said a combination of the freeze in personal tax-free allowances, combined with the significant year-on-year rises in the state pension (and other sources of taxable income), alongside a rise in the size of the pensioner population, means the number of tax-paying over-65s has risen dramatically.

Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) figures suggest around 12.2 million people in the UK are receiving a state pension, meaning more than seven in 10 pensioners are now taxpayers, with an extra million expected by 2030-31.

The new state pension is currently £12,547 – just below the basic income rate threshold of £12,570. From April 2027, it is expected to rise to £12,578 – just above it, meaning state pensioners will have to pay income tax on these small amounts.

Every year the government releases income tax liabilities statistics, which show the total number of people paying tax. The data is split by factors such as age, region and marginal tax rate.

The Spring Statement suggested previously published figures might have underestimated the number of taxpaying pensioners but it was buried in the accompanying paperwork, whereas it has now been officially confirmed.

What are the government plans to help pensioners?

In the Autumn Budget, chancellor Rachel Reeves proposed a special scheme that would prevent such people paying tax, citing the administrative burden but as yet, no details have emerged.

Speaking to MoneyWeek, Webb said: “They need to get cracking because it needs to be clear by next April and it will probably need legislation. It’s all very well saying it doesn’t matter until the next of the financial year but that’s not really good enough – people want to know where they stand. So I think they’re up against it because any of the possible solutions so far look to be a bit of a mess.”

While no details have emerged, Webb said rumours are circulating.

“There’s talk they'll do something quite radical, like tax everybody’s state pension at source – taxing everybody at 20% and then people who are non-taxpayers will have to claim a refund.

“That doesn’t actually solve the problem but it means that they’re not collecting lots of silly small amounts of tax through a ‘process’. That’s the rumour, which I think would be absolutely awful as you’d then have several million non-taxpaying pensioners who would all be overtaxed and all have to jump through hoops to get back money that they don’t currently have to pay.”

A HM Treasury spokesperson said: “Anyone whose only income is the full new or basic state pension without any increments will not pay income tax and we are committed to that over this Parliament.

“By keeping the triple lock, 12 million pensioners will see their income rise by up to £470 this year, and they continue to benefit from the highest personal allowance in the G7.”

Millions of older workers could face a longer wait until they retire amid reports that changes to the state pension age could be brought forward.

Currently, the state pension age is due to rise to 68 from 2044 but a report from the Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) suggests this could take place sooner.

It comes amid debate about the cost of the triple lock and a government backed review of the state pension age which is due to make recommendations on changes in the comings months.

The OBR’s latest Fiscal Risks and Sustainability Report said state pension spending is projected to increase from 5% to 9% of GDP over the next 50 years.

It added that a policy assumption underpinning the state pension projection is around future changes to the state pension age.

In its baseline scenario, the OBR assumed that the state pension rises to 68 between 2037 and 2039 and then to 69 in the 2070s.

This is different to the current trajectory that suggests the state pension age will rise to 68 in 2044/45.

Keeping to the timetable would cost an average additional £6 billion in today’s terms in each of the years the state pension age rise is delayed.

The OBR said: “The Treasury has confirmed to us that this is the government’s current policy position, rather than the legislated increase set in the Pensions Act 2007.

“This is also consistent with the recommendation of the first state pension age review in 2017 that the legislated-for rise to 68 between 2044 and 2046 should be brought forward to the late 2030s, and the principle that 32% of adult life should be spent in retirement, both of which the government at the time committed to. However, the rise to 68 remains legislated to happen between 2044 and 2046, with no subsequent rises legislated for.”

If these changes are made, it is estimated that five million people aged between 49 and 55 would have to work for an additional year before being eligible for their state pension.

The Treasury has been asked for comment.

How to prepare for state pension age changes?

The funding and timing of the state pension seems to regularly be under review.

Much of the criticism around the state pension is the use of the triple lock calculation, which can lead to above-inflation rises and is costly for the Treasury.

Beyond scrapping the triple lock, an alternative is to make people wait longer by changing the state pension age.

The state pension age was always going to increase in the coming decades but may now be sooner than many expected to help boost the nation’s finances.

Nothing has been confirmed yet but a revised timetable does potentially mean working longer.

Catherine Foot, director of the Standard Life Centre for the Future of Retirement said: “The state pension remains a critical element of retirement incomes in the UK for millions of people, and the reports that state pension age increases could be accelerated are a reflection of the difficult balancing act government faces in keeping the system affordable while people live longer, and ensuring it remains fair and adequate for those who rely on it.”

But Adam Cole, retirement specialist at Quilter, suggest that rather than relying on the government, there are steps that people can take.

“Someone aged 49 could build a fund capable of replacing a year's projected state pension with contributions costing just over £50 a month after basic-rate tax relief. Even someone aged 55 could potentially achieve the same outcome for around £75 a month net,” he said.

"While no one welcomes changes to the goalposts, these examples highlight the power of starting early. Small, regular pension contributions, combined with tax relief and investment growth over time, can provide valuable flexibility and help reduce dependence on an increasingly stretched state pension system."

Workers could boost their retirement pots by thousands of pounds under major government reforms.

The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) has laid out its workplace pensions roadmap for the next three years, aimed at bettering outcomes for savers.

The government estimates that, on current trends, those retiring in 2050 will have lower private pension incomes than those retiring in 2026, with millions facing retirement poverty.

Rachel Vahey, head of public policy at investment platform AJ Bell, said: “The government has set out an ambitious programme of reforms that has the potential to transform workplace pensions, making it easier for people to compare pensions and switch to get a better deal.”

The measures will run alongside the new free online pensions dashboard, which is expected to launch in the 2027/28 tax year.

Vahey added: “Combined with pensions dashboards, these reforms have the potential to create a new generation of more engaged savers.

“For the first time, people will be able to see what pension savings they have built up across different providers, alongside clearer information about how well those pensions are delivering for them.”

League table for workplace pensions

The "centrepiece" of this three-year plan is a Value for Money framework.

Pension savers will be able to see how their workplace pension scheme is performing and the returns it is generating against other pension schemes via a league table.

Schemes will be ranked from red (poor value) to green (outperforming on value) on a range of metrics including investment performance, charges and quality of service.

Schemes not performing well for savers will have to improve or be forced to wind down.

The league table will be rolled out to all workplace pension schemes from 2029.

Torsten Bell, minister for pensions, said: “The stakes are high, when the gap between the best and worst performers could cost a saver with a £10,000 pot over £5,000 across just five years.”

However, Helen Shackelford, partner at consulting firm LCP, said introducing a league table could “constrain innovation”.

She added: “Short-termism in a long-term system may ultimately compress the range of member outcomes and penalise funds that have made strategic decisions with a 20–30 year horizon.”

Creation of pension ‘megafunds’

The government reforms also include plans to consolidate smaller defined contribution (DC) workplace pension schemes which are used for automatic enrolment into ‘megafunds’.

From April 2030, these multi-employer schemes must reach at least £25 billion of assets under management or have at least £10 billion with a growth plan to reach £25 billion by 2035.

The government says these larger funds will improve returns for savers through lower fees, higher returns and a more diversified pool of investments.

‘Guided Retirement’ to provide better outcomes for savers

Under a Guided Retirement framework, pension savers accessing their pots at retirement will be offered default options from 2029.

The idea behind the change is that pension savers who don’t want to take an active role in deciding how to access their pots will still receive a decent stream of income in retirement.

But savers won’t have to accept the default option and they’ll also be able to choose an option more suited to their needs, if they prefer.

Bank bonuses have reached their highest levels since the 2008 financial crisis, prompting calls for a hike in the windfall tax to help struggling households with their energy bills.

Analysis of bank bonus data by the Trades Union Congress (TUC) shows £25 billion was paid out in bonuses in the financial year ending in March 2026 - up 16% annually.

The TUC said bank bonuses have never been higher in cash terms and saw their highest real-terms quarter since 2008.

Ahead of the chancellor’s Mansion House speech this evening, the TUC claims these figures suggest there is room for a higher bank surcharge tax that could help fund a social tariff that would permanently cut energy bills for the majority of households.

The trade union says that “while sky-high bills are looming for ordinary working people, bank bonuses are booming”, adding that this is further evidence that banks could easily afford to pay more tax.

What is the bank surcharge tax?

The bank surcharge tax or windfall tax is an additional 3% corporation tax on the profits of banks above £100 million.

It was introduced 2016 as part of efforts to redistribute wealth back into the UK economy and was reduced from an initial 8% in April 2023 by the Conservative government.

Reforming the bank surcharge tax

Critics claim that the surcharge doesn’t go far enough, especially as banks have also benefited from charging higher interest rates on loans and mortgages in recent years.

Sara Hall, co-executive director at research group Positive Money, said: “Record bonuses to celebrate record profits - the cost of living crisis must be something of a fantasy to City bankers.

“Banks aren’t redirecting the windfall profits they’ve made from higher interest rates towards the households or businesses struggling to pay them, so it falls to the Government to do so in their stead.”

TUC analysis reveals an increase in the bank surcharge could raise between £9 billion and £60 billion over the next four years.

Even just reversing the Tory cuts and setting it at 8% would raise £9 billion over four years, the TUC said.

A 16% surcharge, doubling the surcharge's previous value before the Conservatives cut it, would deliver £24 billion over four years.

Meanwhile, a 35% surcharge, which would be the same level as the windfall tax the Conservatives imposed on energy companies, would deliver £60 billion over four years.

It comes after the big four banks made profits of £45.7 billion in 2025.

TUC analysis of the wider banking sector shows profits are 40% higher than in the lead up to the 2008 financial crisis.

The trade union suggests an increase in the bank surcharge tax could deliver a permanent social tariff - and further support when there is a spike in costs - to cut energy bills to all those on low and middle incomes by up to £559 a year.

Paul Nowak, general secretary of the TUC, said: “While sky-high bills are looming for working people, bank bonuses are booming.

“Every time there is talk of taxing banks, some of the richest people in the country start whining and try to claim they can’t afford to pay any more.

“But the big banks are making a killing off the back of higher interest rates and mortgage misery across the country. They can well afford to pay more tax.

“The case for an increase in the bank surcharge tax has never been greater. It’s a long overdue common-sense solution – and the government should use to money raised to cut people’s energy bills.”

Positive Money's Hall suggests prime ministerial frontrunner Andy Burnham is being handed a rare opportunity to rebalance the scales in the public’s favour.

She said: “He should seize the chance to implement this popular policy that won’t cost the Government a penny, but might just earn it some desperately-needed trust.”

Should banks help fund a social tariff?

A higher bank surcharge could ultimately mean reduced bonuses.

That may please the unions but not everyone is in agreement.

Samuel Mather-Holgate, managing director of Mather and Murray Financial, highlights that bank bonuses are not just City excess but are a performance tool.

He said: “If banks want to attract people who can grow lending, manage risk and deliver returns, pay has to reward results.

"Since the bonus cap era, UK bank profitability and competitiveness have hardly looked world-beating, so doubling down on restrictions would be a strange answer. There is a fair debate about whether banks should contribute more to public finances, but cutting bonuses to fund energy bills risks treating pay policy as a piggy bank.

“A social tariff may be worth considering, but it needs a stable funding model, not a raid on incentives that help banks perform.”

Anita Wright, financial planner at Ribble Wealth Management, added: “Energy bills didn't go up because bankers got paid too much. They went up because years of cheap money and a falling pound made everyone's cash worth less.

“The same forces that fattened those bank profits are the ones now squeezing families.”

If you really want to help people with their bills, said Wright, people should ask why the pound in their pocket buys less every year.

She added: "Blaming bankers is easier. It also fixes nothing. Someone always has to pay. Changing who picks up the tab isn't the same as shrinking it.”

The number of investigations into capital gains tax (CGT) rose by 26% last year, netting HMRC £266 million from Brits who had underpaid.

The taxman closed 9,800 investigations in 2024/25, up from 7,800 the previous financial year, according to new Freedom of Information (FOI) figures – the highest number of investigations in a tax year since the Covid pandemic.

Of those whose claims were probed, the average amount of underpaid tax rose from £23,333 to £27,142.

The total tax taken by HMRC following investigations increased by 46% year-on-year, from £182 million in 2023/24, the FOI figures obtained by tax and accountancy firm Lubbock Fine revealed.

Rachael Griffin, tax and financial planning expert at wealth manager Quilter, said the figures suggested “investors, landlords and business owners should not assume capital gains tax reporting slips under the radar”.

Griffin added: “At the same time, HMRC has significantly improved its ability to identify discrepancies through increased data sharing and digital reporting.

“Investment platforms, estate agents, conveyancers and other financial institutions provide information that can be cross-checked against tax returns, making it increasingly difficult for gains to go unreported.”

An HMRC spokesperson said: “We’re committed to helping people pay the right amount of tax, and the vast majority do. We take a variety of approaches to ensure all taxpayers are aware of their obligations and pay what they owe at the right time.”

Why people are being investigated over their capital gains

The uptick in CGT investigations comes after the annual exempt amount was reduced from £6,000 to £3,000 in April 2024. It was reduced from £12,300 to £6,000 in April 2023.

Griffin said: “Far more people now have a potential reporting obligation, including those who may never previously have had to think about CGT. As a result, some individuals may be finding themselves caught out simply because they are unaware of the rules.”

Lubbock Fine said HMRC was also cracking down on cryptocurrency investors, some of whom might not be aware crypto assets are taxable.

Graham Caddock, director at Lubbock Fine, said: “Cryptocurrencies were renowned for being the ‘wild west’ of investing. For many crypto investors this categorisation has stuck and many underestimate how seriously HMRC treats undeclared gains.

“Even worse, some crypto investors think that gains made through digital assets somehow sit outside the normal tax rules, which is exactly why HMRC is targeting the sector so aggressively.”

Lubbock said a lot of retail investors and young day traders were unaware selling shares could trigger a CGT bill as well.

How to avoid being investigated over your capital gains

First, it’s worth making sure you report any gains correctly.

Caddock, from Lubbock Fine, said: “Many CGT enquiries start because of basic errors such as failing to get an independent valuation (perhaps more than one) for such things as gifts of family company shares or even property.”

If you have had to input estimates in the value of assets when you report your capital gains, it’s worth explaining why too.

“This may avoid an enquiry altogether, and the disclosure will help limit HMRC’s ability to enquire into earlier tax periods,” Caddock explained.

Charlene Young, senior pensions and savings expert at investment platform AJ Bell, said lots of people come unstuck when it comes to reporting gains on property.

Young said: “While gains made on your main residence are usually exempt from CGT, profits on second homes must be declared and the estimated tax paid within 60 days of completion to avoid penalties and further investigation.

“HMRC can use data from the Land Registry, banks and estate agents to cross-reference what it has been told by taxpayers, or what it suspects hasn’t been declared.”

It’s also worth making full use of your annual £20,000 ISA allowance where possible. Gains made from investments held in a stocks and shares ISA are shielded from CGT.

Heatwave after heatwave have made for a brutal British summer so far.

In June, the record for the hottest June day ever recorded was beaten three days in a row, and 26 June marked the sixth-hottest day in the UK since records began.

Average temperatures in Britain are already around 1.2°C higher than pre-industrial levels, and heatwaves are set to become more frequent and longer because of climate change.

As the UK has been a cooler country for much of its existence, we have very little infrastructure to deal with such high temperatures. But there are reasons why Britain needs air conditioning now.

With higher temperatures seemingly here to stay, many will be considering whether they should invest in air conditioning (AC). It can be a life-saver in heatwaves, but can also be expensive to install.

However, a government grant may be able to bring down the costs for some.

Are there air conditioning grants in the UK?

Eligible households in the UK can get a grant to help with the cost of installing certain air conditioners that both heat and cool your home.

The grant is part of the government’s boiler upgrade scheme (BUS) which helps with the cost of replacing fossil fuel heating systems with environmentally-friendly ones.

A maximum £2,500 discount is currently available to households to help them install an air-to-air heat pump – commonly called an air conditioner.

Air-to-air heat pumps operate using the same principle as air or ground source heat pumps whereby they extract heat from outside to heat your home. However, unlike air or ground source heat pumps, they are able to cool your home as well as heat it.

These types of heat pump were previously exempt from the BUS, but the government announced in late 2025 they will be included in it, meaning you can now get help from the government when installing air conditioning.

It is important to note that the BUS is only available for households who are upgrading their fossil fuel heating system to something more environmentally friendly. That means that you will not be able to get the grant if you intend to use the air-to-air heat pump exclusively for cooling while keeping your current heating system in place.

What is an air-to-air heat pump?

When used as an air conditioner in the summer, an air-to-air heat pump works by drawing in warm air in your home, cooling it down, and then disposing of the heat outside.

The air is drawn in through fans, then refrigerant is used to cool the air down before it is returned to your room and the heat is disposed of. The whole process is powered by electricity.

Meanwhile, in cooler months the air-to-air heat pump can effectively do the same process in reverse to deliver heat to your home.

The reason the government is encouraging people to install these is because they are better for the environment than traditional heating methods. The fact they also work to cool the air down in summer is a bonus.

How can you get an air-to-air heat pump grant?

To get the grant, you will have to purchase an air-to-air heat pump through an MCS certified installer. They will apply for the grant on your behalf.

It is important to note the grant is only available when you get the heat pump installed by an MCS registered firm. If you go with a firm that does not have the certification you will not be eligible for the grant.

However, though the grant is now available, there is still work being done to get it offered by more MCS suppliers. That means that it may still be a little longer before you can get the discount.

If you want to use the BUS to get an air-to-air heat pump installed, you should contact an MCS certified installer and ask them about when the grant will become available to you.

How much does an air-to-air heat pump cost?

The cost of installing an air-to-air heat pump will vary depending on where you live, the state of your home, the specific model you want to install, and much more.

Supply and installation costs around £3,000 on average, with a typical lifespan of 15 to 20 years, according to checkatrade.

Once the £2,500 government grant is subtracted from these costs, the price looks more manageable, though you should note that you may not necessarily get the maximum amount.

When your air-to-air heat pump is installed, it will cost you money to run and the amount you pay will vary. It depends on many factors including how long you keep it running, the temperature you are trying to achieve, the size of your room and the current level of the price cap.

That makes it difficult to calculate an average cost, but you can work out how much it would cost you if you multiply the power of your model in kilowatts (kW) by how much you pay for a kilowatt hour (kWh) of energy.

Using the July price cap as an example, it would cost you £0.86 to run a 3.5 kW air-to-air heat pump for an hour, though this figure will vary by model and change when the price cap rises or falls.

Insurance company Hiscox is benefiting from a volatile global backdrop that means firms want to make sure that their assets – from their factories to the goods and services they sell – are properly insured. Meanwhile, the rise of the digital economy has created new types of insurance, such as protection against cyberattacks.

It may not be glamorous, but some of the best investment opportunities are in industries that may seem dowdy, but are solid, profitable and crucial to the global economy.

Hiscox (LSE: HSX) focuses on three areas. It provides large-scale insurance through its membership of Lloyd's of London, the main insurance market in the world. It also offers reinsurance, whereby it takes on a portion (or all) of the risks in policies originally written by other insurance companies.

Both of those businesses have been successful, with Hiscox boasting a strong record of striking a balance between risk and return in its investments, which has allowed it to generate consistent profits. However, the most interesting part of Hiscox is its growing retail division, which offers insurance policies to small companies in the UK, US and Europe.

Hiscox's growth strategy is working

Thanks to advertising and a strong reputation for customer satisfaction, Hiscox has been able to burnish its brand and grow the retail part of the company faster than the other two segments: the retail side now accounts for around half of sales. The market is competitive, but Hiscox seems to have a sensible plan for maintaining this growth, including new products; striking deals and partnerships; and acquisitions to expand its presence outside the UK.

Hiscox's revenue grew by around 50% between 2020 and 2025, with earnings per share more than tripling between 2021 and 2025.

Both sales and profits are set to keep growing. Hiscox has also been able to increase its pricing power: operating margins more than doubled to 15%. This has enabled it to grow its dividend consistently since 2022. The stock nonetheless remains very reasonably valued, trading at only 12.8 times projected 2027 earnings, and offering a solid dividend yield.

This combination of strong profits and low valuations has started to attract interest from potential buyers. In May it was reported that Canada's Intact Financial had been exploring a potential bid for Hiscox. While nothing has been formally announced, Zurich Insurance Group agreed in March to purchase rival Beazley, demonstrating that the UK insurance sector is on global companies' radars.

In any case, Hiscox's share price seems to have plenty of momentum behind it. Hiscox has been the eighth best-performing share in the FTSE 100 over the past six months, gaining a third. It is also trading above its 50-day and 200-day moving averages. I would therefore go long at the current price of 1.861p at £1.50 per 1p. In that case I would put the stop loss at 1,261p, which gives you a downside of £900.

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Rumours are already swirling about what changes Andy Burnham could make if he were to win the Labour leadership contest – including a shake-up of the capital gains tax regime.

The MP for Makerfield looks more-than-likely to gain the keys to Number 10 later this month and is said to be considering Wes Streeting as his chancellor.

Should Streeting take on the role, he could look at reforming capital gains tax (CGT) in attempts to drum up much-needed cash for the Treasury.

In an interview with the BBC’s Nick Robinson in May, the former health secretary suggested raising the three CGT rates to mirror income tax rates – 20%, 40% and 45%.

Currently, you pay a rate of 18% if you’re a basic-rate taxpayer and 24% if you are a higher or additional-rate taxpayer.

A number of experts have called for the equalisation of CGT rates with income tax rates, including the Centre for the Analysis of Taxation and Dan Neidle, founder of tax think tank Tax Policy Associates, arguing it would reduce tax avoidance and boost UK economic growth.

Neidle posted on X that Streeting’s proposal was “good”, suggesting the extra money it brought in could be used to cut the basic rate of income tax.

“That would be a brave thing for a Labour politician to do, but in my opinion the right thing at this moment. Spend the rest on e.g. defence. I think most people would agree,” Neidle said.

However, Jeremy Hunt, former chancellor for the Conservative Party, said a CGT rate rise would be “terrible” for the economy.

He said: “It doesn't matter if you're left or right, don't do it. If you increase your CGT above 24%, you will get less revenue, not more, because investors will change their behaviour.”

MoneyWeek asked Andy Burnham’s office for comment.

How would a rise in capital gains tax rates affect you?

Calculations by wealth manager Rathbones suggest aligning CGT rates with income tax rates could increase the tax bill on a £50,000 gain by almost £10,000 for an additional-rate taxpayer.

A higher-rate taxpayer’s bill would rise by over £7,500, according to Rathbones. The tax bill on a £10,000 gain would be more than £1,000 higher.

Basic-rate taxpayers would be stung less – Rathbone’s calculations suggest the tax bill on a £10,000 gain would be over £100 more compared to the current rates.

These figures were calculated based on gains being made outside tax wrappers such as ISAs and pensions and including the £3,000 CGT annual exempt amount.

How to protect against capital gains tax

Everyone gets a CGT annual allowance of £3,000. Any gains made within each tax year less than this amount aren’t taxed, and there are other methods you can use to lower your CGT bill too.

Maximise the use of ISAs

Gains made inside tax wrappers like ISAs are free from CGT so it’s worth utilising your full ISA allowance each year. The current annual ISA allowance is £20,000 per tax year.

Assets like shares or funds held outside an ISA can be transferred into a tax-wrapped ISA through a ‘Bed and ISA’.

Jason Hollands, managing director at wealth manager Evelyn Partners, said: “This involves selling investments, ideally not exceeding the annual £3,000 CGT exemption, and then repurchasing them within an ISA so that future gains – and income – are sheltered from tax.”

Use interspousal transfers

Assets can typically be transferred between married couples and civil partners without triggering a tax bill.

Transfers can be a useful way of moving your assets around and using up each person’s CGT and ISA allowances to full effect.

It can also be worth transferring assets to a partner who pays a lower rate of CGT, thereby reducing your combined tax bill.

Use your annual allowance rather than letting gains build

By selling assets each year within your annual £3,000 allowance, you can pull out profits tax-free and save yourself a larger bill on a big chunk of gains down the line.

Holland said: “The annual CGT exemption has become much smaller at £3,000 than it used to be, but it is still valuable. Many investors overlook it, allowing unrealised gains to build up over many years.”

Keir Starmer vowed not to touch the triple lock, a system that promises to increase the state pension each April by either the rate of inflation, average earnings growth or 2.5% – whichever is highest.

The triple lock guarantee saw over 12 million pensions receive a state pension boost in April, as it increased by a very generous 4.8%. This added £575 to state pensioner income this year.

Most pensioners saw their income increase more than non-pensioners, who are effectively funding the state pension.

The Office for Budget Responsibility estimates the triple lock will cost around £15.5 billion by 2030, up from the £5.2 billion originally estimated when it came into play.

The triple lock was introduced by the Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition in 2012. The Conservatives left it untouched and Labour, under the leadership of Keir Starmer, also promised to leave it alone.

The policy is hugely popular among state pensioners, making it a difficult policy for politicians to tinker with. But is a costly policy set up in 2012 still sustainable or fair today?

Will Andy Burnham, who looks likely to take the top spot in government later this month, finally axe the triple lock?

While Burnham’s focus is on devolution, he cannot escape the need to cut government debt. Pressure will inevitably mount for him to be the leader to finally stop placating pensioners.

What’s the problem with the triple lock?

Depending on who you ask, you may get a different answer. Steve Webb, who was the pensions minister when the triple lock was introduced, told me on the MoneyWeek Talks podcast that the triple lock was there to do a job to keep pensioners afloat.

“I became pensions minister in 2010. But in the previous 30 years, the state pension had been falling in value relative to what people earn, so it just went up with inflation most of the time.

“But the problem with that is if you earn and earn and then stop earning, then the thing you fall onto when you stop earning needs to be connected to some proportion of what you were earning. Otherwise, you just fall off a cliff and your standard of living crashes. So, the state pension needs to be pegged to a proportion of what people are earning and for 30 years, [prior to the triple lock] that had not happened.”

“So, the point of more generous indexation post 2010 was to undo 30 years of damage. I’m not embarrassed or ashamed; I am proud of the fact that the state pension has been over-indexed.”

But the working generation would argue the system is an unfair burden on taxpayers, especially as young workers doubt the state pension will even exist for them.

Pensioners will say they worked for it and the increase merely protects them from rising living costs.

Though, according to the think tank Resolution Foundation, the triple lock has done little to reduce pensioner poverty. In the 12 years following the introduction of the Triple Lock pensioner poverty rose by 2.3 percentage points.

Difficult choices for Burnham?

Former Labour leader Tony Blair and former Conservative chancellor Jeremy Hunt have both called for the ‘outdated’ and ‘unaffordable’ policy to go.

A report from the Tony Blair Institute earlier this year called for the triple lock to be cut by 2030 and to overhaul the UK state pensions system.

Though it is unlikely the new Labour leader will make any change during this parliament, he will need to make some difficult choices, eventually. Will Burnham be the man who finally takes the triple lock out?

Tens of thousands more households could be dragged into paying the ‘mansion tax’ under rumoured plans, if Burnham becomes the new Labour leader.

The prime minister-in-waiting could potentially lower the threshold at which people start to pay the High Value Council Tax Surcharge from £2 million to £1.5 million, according to reports in The Mail on Sunday.

An estimated 150,000 additional households could be pulled into paying the surcharge if the levy was brought down to the reduced amount, based on calculations done by think tank Tax Policy Associates.

The so-called mansion tax was first announced by chancellor Rachel Reeves during her 2025 Autumn Budget and is set to come into force in April 2028.

As it stands, the measure will see those with properties worth over £2 million pay between £2,500 and £7,500 per year depending on the value of their home. It is expected to bring in £430 million in 2029/30.

But should Burnham win a Labour leadership contest, he will need to find ways to fund an ever-growing welfare budget and multi-billion pound hole in the Defence Investment Plan (DIP).

Lowering the entry level at which households pay the mansion tax could be one way of doing this alongside potentially scrapping the triple lock pension system.

MoneyWeek approached Andy Burnham’s office to comment.

What is the mansion tax and how will it work?

The High Value Council Tax Surcharge will take effect from April 2028 and apply to homes in England worth £2 million or more.

The Valuation Office (VO), which is part of HMRC, is set to carry out a valuing exercise to assess which homes the surcharge will apply to.

Homes valued at £2 million or more but less than £2.5 million will be charged £2,500.

Properties worth £2.5 million or more, but less than £3.5 million will need to pay £3,500. Homes worth between £3.5 million and £5 million will need to pay £5,000. Properties worth £5 million or more face a £7,500 surcharge.

These charges are set to be increased each year in line with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. Revaluations will be conducted by the VO every five years.

How a reduced threshold of £1.5 million on the levy would be applied exactly is unclear, but would almost double the amount of households paying it, according to calculations done by Tax Policy Associates.

The think tank predicts around 243,000 households would have to pay at least something, up from 127,000 under a £2 million entry-level threshold.

What else is Andy Burnham considering?

In a major speech on 29 June, Burnham said he intended to reform business rates to support high streets and pubs which have taken a battering in recent years.

According to the British Beer and Pub Association, a trade body for the sector, 161 pubs closed across Britain in just the first three months of 2026. UK Hospitality, a trade body for the hospitality sector, has forecast six hospitality venues will close each day in 2026.

Rumours have been swirling about what else Burnham could introduce if he were to become the next prime minister of the UK.

The MP for Makerfield could reportedly look at reforming Capital Gains Tax (CGT) by bringing the rate paid in line with income tax. Basic-rate taxpayers currently pay a CGT rate of 18% while higher and additional-rate taxpayers pay 24%.

Burnham could also replace stamp duty with a ‘land value tax’ – an annual tax based solely on the value of the land itself.

The UK is obsessed with cash. Out of the 15 million adult ISA accounts that were in use in the 2023/24 tax year, almost 10 million were cash ISAs, making up around 66% of the total.

We love cash because it is simple and we know that when we need to access it, we won’t find that the value of our savings has fallen to zero. Put simply, cash is risk-free.

But that is not the whole truth, according to Andy Reed, head of behavioural economics research at Vanguard.

Speaking to Kalpana Fitzpatrick, digital editor-in-chief , on the MoneyWeek Talks podcast, Reed said there is a significant opportunity cost in hoarding more of your savings in cash than you might need.

In the UK, there is over £200 billion of excess cash languishing around, research by Vanguard found.

This does not include savings that it may make sense to hold in cash, like what is needed for an emergency fund or short-term spending..

Reed said: “When you dig a bit deeper and start to ask ‘why are you sitting on the sidelines? Why are you not invested?’, they realise that there is a risk-return trade-off that they’re making and they tend to say they prefer a more conservative approach. They feel like cash is safer.”

Reed says this is partially a result of inertia.

“[Savers] are going with the flow. They’re maintaining the status quo. The status quo feels safe. It doesn’t feel risky. But what they don’t realise is that investing is risky, yes. But not investing is also risky.”

That is because every moment that your money is not growing, it is being eaten away by inflation.

This has been particularly true in recent years as the UK, and many other western countries, have had to deal with price growth above the 2% target.

In Britain, inflation reached a recent peak of 11% in 2022, while the latest data shows it reached 2.8% in May 2026.

As cash ‘stuffed under the mattress’ earns 0% interest, it will be worth less in real terms after years of inflation. But cash in savings accounts are not entirely safe either.

“The risk is that your cash is not going to keep up with inflation because the interest on cash can be very low while inflation might be higher and so your purchasing power is going down over time.

“But inflation is out of sight, out of mind for many people, so they don’t realise the hidden cost of cash.”

That is not to say that cash is inherently evil and all your savings should be diverted to investments.

Reed says: “Cash is a story of too much of a good thing. You need enough for emergencies, say your dishwasher breaks, or your car breaks down, you also arguably need cash in case of job loss.

“That’s where highly liquid assets like cash are super valuable because they give you that flexibility to withstand bumps in the road.

“But having cash above and beyond those short-term emergency needs means you’re incurring opportunity costs. What you’re giving up by not investing is quite a bit larger than what you might realise.”

Listen to MoneyWeek Talks for our full interview with Andy Reed, where he discussed how emotions can affect investor behaviour, the barriers to investment in the UK, how different generations invest, and much more.

You can watch the podcast on YouTube, or listen to it wherever you get your podcasts.

About the podcast

MoneyWeek Talks is a podcast that helps you unlock the secrets to financial success. Editors Kalpana Fitzpatrick and Andrew van Sickle are joined by influential guests – from CEOs and entrepreneurs to economists and policymakers – to share their top tips on managing money, investing wisely and building wealth.

Subscribe to the MoneyWeek Talks podcast and get ready to make it, keep it and spend it with confidence.

Cohabiting couples who are not married or in a civil partnership are set to receive new rights to finances under new rules proposed by the government.

The proposals could see unmarried partners allowed a portion of the proceeds from a house sale, a percentage of a pension, automatic inheritance rights, and more when a relationship ends.

The measures are part of a new framework by the government that aims to bring family law “into the modern age” as more couples cohabit without getting married.

Cohabiting couples who are unmarried have far fewer financial protections than married couples under current laws. This can lead to complications if a relationship ends.

The government says these difficulties disproportionately affect more vulnerable groups such as women, children, and victims of domestic abuse.

The framework for new financial rights is set to establish more concrete rules for how assets should be split when a separation takes place.

The consultation proposes that courts should have access to similar actions that are available in the case of a divorce, though options are set to be narrower to maintain the unique status of marriage in law.

David Lammy, deputy prime minister and justice secretary, said: “We’re launching this consultation to make sure our new family law builds a fair system that offers the most vulnerable protection in the event of a breakup, and at a time where the country is facing cost of living pressures.

“Whether you’ve been left bereaved by the sudden and unexpected death of a partner, or escaped horrific domestic abuse, our laws should work to protect you.”

The consultation launched on 5 June and will run for 10 weeks, closing on 14 August. The government will then use the findings to help inform future reforms, which will be made law “when parliamentary time allows”.

Separating couples could be entitled to a portion of a partner’s pension

The new framework will provide family courts with a number of new remedies they can use when an unmarried couple separates. These mirror the ones available in divorce cases.

Possible remedies include property adjustment orders which can transfer interest or ownership in a property from one party to another, potentially entitling a partner to partial ownership of a house.

Separating couples may be entitled to a percentage of their partner’s pension too under the new rules as courts will have the power to enforce pension sharing orders.

Courts could be granted the power to order one partner to pay a lump sum of money to the other partner.

The government also says in exceptional circumstances time-limited maintenance orders that require one party to provide regular payments to the other may be granted by a court.

Couples would need to cohabit for at least three years or have a child together for the rules to apply to them. Courts must also be satisfied the couple are in an “enduring family relationship”.

The consultation adds that while cohabitants may have access to the same measures as divorcing couples, this does not mean there would be equivalent financial outcomes to divorce.

Prenups and postnups set to become legally binding

Pre-nuptial agreements (prenups) and post-nuptial agreements (postnups) are becoming increasingly common in the UK.

Around 20% of couples sign prenups before marriage today, up from just 8% in the 1990s, according to research by the Marriage Foundation.

Prenups and postnups are written contracts made before a marriage or civil partnership that outline how assets will be split in the event of separation, divorce, or death.

In the UK, these agreements are not currently automatically enforceable by courts in England and Wales. Instead courts are simply told they should consider them unless doing so would be unfair, so long as the agreements were entered into freely and with full understanding.

This means that there is a degree of uncertainty around when the agreements made in prenups and postnups apply and when they do not.

However, as part of this new set of reforms, prenups and postnups are set to become enforceable contracts that “are not subject to substantive scrutiny by the court” as part of the new framework proposed by the government, eliminating much of this uncertainty.

This would allow couples to make legally binding agreements about financial arrangements in the event of divorce, though the consultation adds that safeguards would still need to be met.

Cohabiting couples set to get automatic right to inherit

The new framework is also set to extend new rights to couples when a partner dies without a will.

Under the current rules, when a couple have been living together for years but have remained unmarried there is no automatic right for the surviving partner to inherit a portion of the other’s assets if they die without leaving a will.

However, if the proposed laws come in, qualifying couples will receive an automatic right to inherit parts of their partner’s estate with similar rights as spouses or civil partners even if they are unmarried and have not left a will.

Why is air conditioning becoming a necessity?

Until recently, the UK scarcely needed to consider air conditioning; now it is a pressing economic and political issue. A sweaty, sleep-deprived country is wondering what has happened to the traditionally underwhelming British summer – the “three fine days and a thunderstorm” of blessed memory. For centuries, summer's lease hath, famously, had “all too short a date”.

This year, though, it's an all too long one – kicking off with a killer heatwave in May, and smashing temperature records before we even got to July. The Climate Change Committee warns that 92% of homes are at risk of overheating by 2050 because they are “built for a climate that no longer exists”. If you live in a sweltering flat in a city, or have a bedroom at the top of a loft-converted house, you'll already know that.

How has the heatwave affected Britain?

Tens of millions of people across southern England have been unable to sleep properly, or have had their working lives upended by the failures of public transport or the closure of overheating schools. Writ large, all that makes for a massive public-health and economic issue that we are only beginning to understand.

Extreme heat is especially hard to cope with for older adults and those already ill: the summer of 2022 caused 60,000 excess deaths across Europe (according to a 2023 paper in Nature), the vast majority among people aged over 65. The World Health Organisation puts the number even higher, at 175,000 a year. Extreme heat hits children even harder, says George Monbiot in The Guardian. They have higher metabolisms and lower sweating rates, and their thermal comfort levels are, on average, 1.9˚C-2.8˚C lower.

What a heatwave means for the UK economy

Researchers at insurance group Allianz have found that extreme heat is now a “structural economic risk” for Europe. Productivity losses intensify sharply above a critical 30˚C threshold – a three percentage point decrease in productivity for each degree of heat – and cooling costs rise sharply.

Under an entirely possible stress-test scenario – in which the five hottest years between 2014 and 2024 are repeated sequentially over the next five years – they project a hit to output of 5%-7% for the most exposed economies: $240 billion for France, $147 billion for Italy, $131 billion for Germany and $120 billion for Spain (the UK wasn't included in the study).

“The heatwave is not an exception, it is a direction,” said Katharina Utermohl, one of the co-authors. “Extreme heat costs all of us as workers, as businesses, as taxpayers, and there is a difference between countries that adapt and those that wait.”

Will air conditioning save us?

It will certainly be part of the response, along with other cooling measures. Air conditioning has emerged in recent weeks as the new hot topic in the online culture wars, with American blowhards bashing lily-livered Europeans for being too soft to fire up the air-con and cool themselves down.

The difference in take-up is indeed stark. In Europe, only around 19% of homes have air conditioning compared with 88% in the US. That's largely because Europe's housing stock is much older than in the US and its mitigations against heat – thick walls, small windows, shutters and so on – have developed over centuries.

Europe has also been cautious about widespread adoption of a technology, which, bluntly, can easily disfigure the built environment. But the reality is that the take-up of air-con in Europe is already rising due to the heating climate, with southern Europe being first to embrace it.

Is Europe warming up to air conditioning?

Penetration has doubled in Europe overall since 1990, but in hot countries it has risen much faster. More than half of Italian homes now have air conditioning, a doubling since 2013 – a trend that's true of the continent as a whole. In France, 28% of homes now have air-con, in Germany it's 6%, and in the UK 4%, a doubling in the past three years.

There's no reason to think that trend won't continue and accelerate, even without the promptings of US observers. Europe's climate is heating faster than any other continent (due to its proximity to the north pole). As that continues, it will seem ever more silly to argue that heating homes to a safe, liveable temperature is necessary, but that cooling them to the same level – saving lives and making life bearable – is somehow an extravagance that should be frowned upon.

Is air conditioning bad for the environment?

Environmentalists have long argued that it contributes to global heating by consuming energy and raising temperatures in urban areas. That is reflected in official policies. The government denies there's an “air-con ban”, but nor is it straightforward to install. Most homes don't need formal planning permission for air conditioning, which falls under “permitted development”. But that does not include flats – often more difficult to keep cool than houses – where planning permission is required, and is hard to get. The rules require developers to prioritise passive cooling and use air-con as a last resort.

What needs to change?

Policymakers need to catch up with changes to the climate and technology and let the market get on with meeting growing demand, says John Burn-Murdoch in the Financial Times.

The rising demand for air conditioning now aligns with the rapidly rising supply of solar energy, which will be most abundant when it is most needed to power cooling. Moreover, the potential for air-to-air heat pumps both to heat and cool buildings without burning gas means that the net impact on emissions could even be negative.

“Far from encouraging this, regulations in countries including the UK and France continue to disincentivise and even restrict these technologies.” That's not sustainable. There were once sound arguments against Europe adopting air-con en masse, but that's no longer the case.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

If you’re a frequent flyer, having an airport lounge membership like Priority Pass or Dragonpass can make travelling significantly more comfortable.

Rather than waiting at a crowded terminal, airport lounge access can mean complimentary food and drinks, Wi-Fi, quiet workspaces and even shower facilities.

You can get lounge passes with certain packaged bank accounts or credit cards with airport lounge access, but that’s not the only way. You could book one-off visits to some airport lounges, for instance, or access global lounge networks by buying a membership – such as with Priority Pass or Dragonpass.

What is Priority Pass?

Priority Pass is an airport lounge programme that gives members access to more than 1,900 lounges across 856 airports in 142 countries.

Your membership may also include benefits such as complimentary Wi-Fi, meals and drinks, shower facilities and dining credits at select restaurants.

The lowest membership tier doesn’t give you free access to lounges – instead, you pay an annual fee and discounted rate on visits. However, no matter what membership you have, you will need to pre-book your slot for an extra £6 to guarantee a space when it gets busy.

Here’s a complete breakdown of membership fees.

What is Dragonpass?

Dragonpass is an airport lounge programme that offers access to more than 1,400 lounges, over 200 fast-track security lanes and around 2,500 travel experiences worldwide.

While Priority Pass gives you access to more airport lounges, Dragonpass is more focused on offering a premium experience, whether it’s meet-and-greet services, dining discounts, spa treatments or fast-track security.

The lower membership tier only gives you one free visit, after which you have to pay for entry. However, you will need to pre-book your slot for around £6 per visit to guarantee a space during busy periods, no matter which membership tier you’re on.

Here’s a complete breakdown of membership fees.

Should you buy a Priority Pass or Dragonpass membership?

For many travellers, Priority Pass offers better overall value thanks to a significantly larger lounge network globally. If your priority is finding a lounge wherever you fly, it’s generally a better option.

However, when it comes to costs, Dragonpass is cheaper and a better choice if you regularly travel through airports where you can take advantage of its fast-track security and premium services like spa and wellness centres.

Before buying either membership, it’s worth checking which lounges are available at the airports you typically go to. It might be that some airports support Priority Pass or Dragonpass but not both.

Is an airport lounge membership worth it?

Whether an airport lounge membership is worth paying for depends on your travel habits. If you only take a handful of flights a year, paying for individual lounge access can be more cost-effective than buying an annual membership.

However, if you fly several times a year, particularly on long-haul or international trips, and want to access an airport lounge, you could save with a membership. Lounge entry usually costs between £35 and £50 per visit, so frequent travellers could save money while enjoying a quieter and more comfortable airport experience.

It’s worth considering whether you already have access through another financial product. Many premium credit cards, travel reward cards and packaged current accounts include Priority Pass or Dragonpass membership as a benefit, meaning you may not need to buy a separate membership.

Brits are facing major changes to ISA rules from April 2027 as the government tries to foster a culture of investing in the UK.

The reforms, as confirmed in the 2025 Autumn Budget by chancellor Rachel Reeves, will see a new annual cash ISA limit of £12,000, down from the current £20,000 ISA allowance, for under 65s.

The £20,000 annual ISA allowance – which also covers stocks and shares, innovative finance ISAs and lifetime ISAs – will remain.

A new 22% charge on cash held within stocks and shares ISAs will also apply, while retail investors will be banned from having a stocks and shares ISA made up wholly of money market funds.

Under 65s will also not be allowed to transfer money from stocks and shares ISAs into cash ISAs.

However, how these new “anti-circumvention” rules apply to those aged 65 and over is more nuanced.

How will the new ISA rules apply to 65-year-olds and older?

Government guidance states that the 22% charge on interest earned on cash in a stocks and shares ISA will apply to those aged 65 and over.

Meanwhile, the prohibition on 100% cash-like investments (money market funds) will also remain in place for those aged 65 and over.

However, individuals aged 65 and over will be able to transfer money from stocks and shares ISAs into cash ISAs when the new rules come in from April 2027, unlike those aged under 65.

Jason Hollands, managing director at wealth management company Evelyn Partners, said the new rules were adding an unneeded layer of complexity for all investors and “undermine the tax-free promise”.

He added: “We've never had different rules applying to different people depending on age.”

Hollands welcomed that 65-year-olds and over will be able to transfer money from stocks and shares ISAs into cash ISAs when the new rules come into force, allowing them to free up more liquid cash and avoid paying tax on cash held within stocks and shares ISAs.

A HM Treasury spokesperson said: “Parking cash long term in a non-cash ISA to earn tax-free interest isn't investing. These changes will push more people towards investments that actually grow their money, and industry leaders including Nationwide and the Building Societies Association back us on this.

“Savers can still hold up to £12,000 in a cash ISA, and those 65 and over keep the full £20,000 allowance.”

How exactly do the new anti-circumnavigation rules apply?

The 22% charge on cash held within stocks and shares ISAs will apply to any interest paid on it.

A number of investment platforms such as Bestinvest, AJ Bell and interactive investor, pay interest on cash held within a stocks and shares ISA.

Individuals will not have to declare any interest paid to HMRC as it will be paid by investment brokers.

Cash-like assets, like money market funds, will be allowed within stocks and shares ISAs, so long as they don’t make up 100% of the portfolio.

Investments such as shares, funds, investment trusts, ETFs and bonds, including gilts, will not be treated as cash-like assets under the new rules.

Transfers from stocks and shares ISAs will not be allowed for investors aged under 65, although they will be able to transfer money from a cash ISA to a stocks and shares ISA. This rule doesn’t apply to investors aged 65 or over.

Two Premium Bonds holders have woken up millionaires after NS&I revealed the winners of the July 2026 prize draw.

The latest £1 million jackpot winners come from Reading and Warwickshire and won with bond numbers 250TP871786 and 217AV429216, respectively.

The Reading winner bought their bond in July 2015 and has a total holding of £49,931, close to the maximum of £50,000.

The Warwickshire champ purchased their winning bond in January 2014 and holds a total of £14,000 in Premium Bonds.

How many prizes will be issued in July’s monthly draw?

More than 6.2 million tax-free prizes, worth over £433 million, will be paid to Premium Bonds winners in July.

This month, there were more than 136 billion £1 bonds eligible to be picked in the draw. The total value of the prizes dished out since the first draw in June 1957 is £42 billion.

The table below shows the breakdown of Premium Bonds prizes in July:

Credit: NS&I

How to check if you’ve won in July’s prize draw

NS&I’s Agent Million will inform the £1 million jackpot winners in person.

NS&I says bond holders can check if they have won prizes ranging from £25 to £100,000 the day after the first working day of each month.

You can check using the Premium Bonds prize checker app, by visiting the NS&I website or by asking Alexa. For July 2026, Premium Bonds holders can check from 2 July.

The prize checker app and website will show you prizes you’ve won that month, anything you’ve won in the previous six draws and any older prizes you haven’t claimed yet.

Just make sure you’ve got your bond number or NS&I number to hand so you can access your account.

As Premium Bonds do not expire, it may be worth checking if you have any prizes waiting for you even if you bought them years ago.

NS&I says over 99% of prizes have been paid to winners since draws began in 1957, but there are still millions of unclaimed Premium Bonds prizes.

We look at the alternatives to Premium Bonds in a separate piece.

Marriage rates among the over 50s have risen significantly in recent years, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS). Latest data reveals the number of men who said ‘I do’ aged 50+ is up by 33% in the past decade; for women in that age group it’s even higher, at 47%.

Those figures are greater still for people in their 60s, where there’s been a 33% increase in men who have married aged 60+ and a 56% rise among women over the 10 years to 2022.

Later-life marriages – whether people’s first, second or subsequent – often come with children on at least one side. Estimates vary but based on ONS figures, somewhere between 10% and 33% of families in the UK are blended, which the ONS defines as at least one child having a parental relationship with both members of the couple and another child being a stepchild.

Blended families can bring complications, whether around presents or planning holidays. But what happens when the stakes are higher?

If you’re widowed or divorced and have found love again, the last thing you might want is to start thinking about the end. Yet imminent inheritance tax (IHT) rule changes mean more families may need to do exactly that.

As announced in the 2024 Budget, from April 2027, defined contribution (DC) pensions will be treated as part of an estate for IHT purposes. The change is expected to double the number of estates liable for IHT to around 8%.

For people with children from a previous marriage, it’s a reminder of the importance of planning ahead. A common piece of advice is to think about what you want to happen after you die as early as possible. When everyone’s healthy and getting along, emotions are steadier and discussions tend to be easier. Once circumstances change, those conversations can become more difficult.

What myths and misconceptions do people have about estate planning?

Many people still assume estate planning is only relevant to the very wealthy. Yet rising house prices, combined with the nil-rate band (NRB) being frozen at £325,000 since 2009, have brought more families into scope for inheritance tax.

Other common misconceptions include believing a spouse automatically inherits everything if someone dies intestate (without a will), that pension benefits automatically fall to family members, or that unmarried couples have the same legal protections as married couples.

Add in the complexities of blended families, differing financial needs and the pension changes and the value of clearly documenting your wishes is emphasised.

How do trusts fit into estate planning?

Trusts are often used to provide control over how assets are passed on.

Every trust has three key parties: a settlor, who provides the assets; the trustee, who manages them; and the beneficiaries, who ultimately benefit from them.

Assets that can be placed into trust include cash, property, investments and land.

In the UK, there are several different trust structures available.

Lifetime trusts take effect immediately and include arrangements such as bare trusts, vulnerable person’s trusts and personal injury trusts.

Will trusts are created through a will and only take effect on death. Examples include discretionary will trusts or pilot trusts, which can hold assets such as pension death benefits or life insurance payouts.

Interest in possession trusts, often known as life interest trusts, allow a surviving spouse to benefit from an asset during their lifetime without owning it outright. For example, they might have the right to live in a property or receive investment income, while the underlying capital eventually passes to your children or other beneficiaries.

Discretionary trusts offer trustees broad control over how and when assets are distributed. Provided the settlor lives for seven years after making the transfer, assets can fall outside their estate for IHT purposes, although periodic trust charges (typically every 10 years) may still apply.

Who to name as a beneficiary

Andrew Zanelli, head of technical engagement at investment platform Aberdeen Adviser warns of a potential “nomination minefield” once pensions become subject to IHT.

For blended families, the key question may be whether pension assets should pass to a surviving spouse or directly to children from a previous relationship.

You can see the attraction of leaving everything to a husband or wife. Pension wealth passing directly to a surviving spouse or civil partner benefits from the ‘interspousal exemption’ and is not subject to IHT on first death.

That exemption doesn’t just apply to the NRB but an additional residential nil rate band (RNRB), which is currently £175,000. This means a husband or wife could potentially pass on up to £1 million with no IHT consideration.

The challenge is what happens later.

The hope is that if everything passes to the spouse on first death, when they die, they would direct everything as intended – such as to the first spouse’s children or other named beneficiaries. But circumstances can change.

Zanelli shares an example: “The main issue here is the potential for the children of the first to die to be disinherited. Let’s assume the husband dies first. By nominating his wife, he is effectively handing over future control of his pension pot to her. She could change her nominations at any time in favour of other individuals, cutting out his own children. This could be motivated by remarrying someone else, or falling out with his children.”

Leaving assets directly to children presents a different problem. Any amount above available allowances may attract IHT immediately, plus the surviving spouse may have no access to those funds if they need them.

If you’re trying to look after your surviving spouse but want to commit something for your children, Zanelli says you can gain peace of mind by setting up a structure where your spouse is looked after for life – even through they don’t own the asset – and ultimately your children will be the recipients of any capital that's left.

These trust structures could take several forms, including a discretionary will trust, life interest or spousal bypass trust.

What are bypass trusts?

Historically, spousal bypass trusts have been used to balance support for a surviving spouse and protecting assets for children from previous relationships.

Whether they remain popular beyond April remains up for debate.

Dan Blandford, chartered financial planner at The Private Office (TPO), believes two broad approaches may emerge.

The first is that people may stop using bypass trusts altogether and instead leave assets directly to a spouse, taking advantage of the IHT exemption and trusting them to pass wealth to the intended beneficiaries later.

This may prove attractive for families looking to avoid an immediate IHT charge, although it relies heavily on the surviving spouse ultimately carrying out those wishes.

The second scenario he foresees is more likely among wealthier families with very large pensions expected to support several generations.

Rather than allowing pension wealth to pass down through successive estates and potentially attract IHT multiple times, some may choose to pay the tax once and move assets into a discretionary trust structure.

“I envisage that would be the second reason it will be used; do people accept a ‘one-off’ IHT charge in exchange for avoiding repeated charges as wealth passes from one generation to the next,” says Blandford.

But he believes spousal bypass trusts will still have an important role for those motivated primarily by control rather than tax savings.

For those conscious of inheritance tax and retaining oversight of family wealth, these trusts allow them to determine when assets or income are distributed and help protect beneficiaries from risks such as divorce or financial difficulties.

At the same time, he expects more people to draw pension assets during their lifetime, reducing the size of the pension pot potentially exposed to IHT.

The importance of reviewing a will

Estate planning concerns are not unique to pensions.

Tamsin Caine, director of financial planning at Smart Financial, points to the example of a life interest trust involving the family home. A surviving spouse may retain the right to live in the property for life, while the deceased’s spouse’s share ultimately passes to their children.

To achieve this, the property generally needs to be owned as tenants in common. Otherwise, ownership passes automatically to the surviving spouse, bypassing the will altogether.

Caine says careful drafting and regular reviews are essential.

“It’s important to revisit wills and keep them up to date, making sure they’re still in line with wishes, with legislation and that they still reflect everything that you’d want.”

She also cautions against viewing pensions primarily as an IHT planning tool.

“Pensions are intended to provide income in retirement. While we know people have used them for planning for the next generation, if you’re thinking about passing down the generations – in my view, pensions should be the last thing you touch,” she says.

For all these scenarios legal advice is highly recommended – ideally sitting alongside financial advice if that’s possible.

Paul Gotch is senior partner at Private Client Solicitors. He says by nature a pension will be held in trust, subject to scheme rules, depending on the individual policy. All anyone really has the power to do is change their expression of wish, or nomination form, which tells the trustee who should receive it on their death. The trustee should take that guidance but they’re not legally binding.

Think about how you’re splitting things. Does the spouse get the pension and any children get other assets? Are you splitting things 50/50? Have you got other children with the new spouse?

“You need to balance the legal perspective – what you can do, with the financial perspective – what is fair. Are you leaving your spouse sufficient funds to maintain their standard of living, the cost of the property and so on,” says Gotch.

“Equally, if assets go to that surviving spouse, there's a risk that on his or her death, they update the will and nomination to only include his or her own children, which then creates the disinheritance of the first.”

Think about care costs as well. It’s very common when a relationship is going well and is full of trust, that the surviving spouse will ‘do the right thing’ but circumstances change.

What if they’ve not fallen out with your children but they needed several years of expensive care, asks Gotch. They planned to pass on the remaining assets as their spouse intended but by the time they die, these might have been significantly depleted.

Ultimately, there isn’t a trust structure that can eliminate every risk. Family circumstances evolve, relationships change and intentions can be misunderstood. But for blended families facing a more complex IHT landscape, taking time to put clear plans in place may help prevent disputes and uncertainty later on.

Hundreds of thousands of young people have more than £2,000 sitting unclaimed in Child Trust Funds (CTFs), a type of tax-free savings account for children born between 2002 and 2011.

The government has now launched a taskforce aimed at reuniting people with their money, with ministers teaming up with financial institutions including Nationwide, HSBC and Sheffield Mutual to reconnect savers with their accounts.

Roughly 6.3 million CTFs were opened for children born between 1 September 2002 and 2 January 2011, mostly by parents and guardians but some by HMRC.

The tax-free funds could be opened as cash savings or stocks and shares accounts.

These accounts started maturing in 2020, but due to a number of reasons including difficulty tracing them, people forgetting they have them or deciding to leave the funds invested, more than 750,000 matured accounts still remain unclaimed.

Once a CTF matures, you can no longer add money into it and it is typically moved into a default account paying a weak interest rate.

Rachel Blake, economic secretary to the Treasury, said: “Too many young people are missing out simply because they are not aware of where their Child Trust Fund is or how to access it.

“We are acting to fix that by bringing government and industry together – improving coordination and making it easier for people to find and claim what’s rightfully theirs.”

HM Treasury said the taskforce will “improve tracing approaches, test more effective engagement with young people, and drive practical actions that lead to more accounts being claimed”.

Its launch comes after HMRC wrote letters to thousands of 21-year-olds reminding them to claim the money in their CTFs in April.

HMRC is reminding eligible young people they can claim the funds through online campaigns on social media platforms like X, formerly Twitter.

Antonia Medlicott, founder and managing director at personal finance website Investing Insiders, welcomed the government’s taskforce but said more should have been done sooner.

She added: “Far too many Child Trust Funds are going unclaimed. Some accounts will hold significantly more than the £2,200 average figure that has been circulated, and it’s a shame to see that they have been left until now.”

How to track down lost Child Trust Funds

In the first instance, you should contact the provider the CTF was set up with, who should be able to reunite you with the account.

Alternatively, you can use HMRC’s Child Trust Fund tool to request your CTF details if you’re over 16. Make sure you’ve got your National Insurance number to hand.

You can also use this tool if you’re a parent or guardian of a child under 18. You will need the child’s full name, address and date of birth, and also any previous names you or the child have used.

You may have a CTF under your name even if you or your parents didn’t set one up for you. If an account wasn’t set up for an eligible child after 12 months, HMRC opened one on the parents’ behalf.

Sarah Coles, head of personal finance at investment platform AJ Bell, said: “Of the 6.3 million accounts that were opened, 1.8 million were opened by HMRC, so there’s a decent chance the parents of these children never engaged with where the money ended up.

“For those who did choose where to put the money, so much time has passed that there’s a real risk they moved house and didn’t update their details, and if the paperwork has gone astray, they may have forgotten these accounts entirely.”

What should you do once you’ve tracked down the Child Trust Fund?

Unless you need all the money from the CTF for an emergency, it could be worth keeping some of it invested to grow.

However, it might be worth transferring the remaining funds from the CTF into a Junior ISA.

Coles explained: “Stocks and Shares CTFs tend to have higher charges and less choice than their equivalent Junior ISAs, while Cash CTFs often pay less interest. It means parents should waste no time in tracking the accounts down and deciding whether to move the money into a Junior ISA.”

Just how much cash will you be able to hold in your ISA from next year and what will it cost you to do so? At first sight, new rules for individual savings accounts (ISAs) due to come into force from 6 April 2027 look straightforward. In practice, they are likely to prove anything but, thanks to tricky new regulations published this week.

The confusion stems from changes announced in last November's Budget. Chancellor Rachel Reeves stressed her determination to use the tax system to encourage risk-taking investment into UK companies and infrastructure; she therefore announced that from the 2027-2028 tax year onwards, the annual limit on investments into cash ISAs – where your money is simply held in a risk-free bank or building society account – will fall to £12,000. By contrast, the annual stocks and shares ISA allowance – where your money flows through into productive investments – will remain at the full £20,000.

So far, so good. But what about cash held in a stocks and shares ISA? You're also entitled to hold cash in these accounts. Perhaps you're concerned about market volatility, or think you might need to make a withdrawal soon; maybe you just want to maintain a small cash balance to fund fees and investment charges; you may even have opted to take dividends from existing holdings in cash, potentially to be invested later on.

Moreover, what about cash-like investments in a stocks and shares ISA? Opting for a money-market fund, say, is akin to holding your ISA savings in cash, even if you're technically making an investment.

Reeves's new ISA changes will affect everyone

These complexities have prompted some head-scratching at the Treasury, which delayed publication of the detailed regulation on how the new rules will apply to stocks and shares ISAs until earlier this week. Now, however, it has published an “anti-circumvention rules fact sheet” that is more demanding than many had expected. Most strikingly, the Treasury plans to introduce a new tax on interest earned on cash held in a stocks and shares ISA, even though the tax-free nature of money held in such accounts is meant to be sacrosanct. A 22% tax charge will apply, in line with the rate of savings interest tax, from April 2027 onwards.

While a similar arrangement operated in the UK until 2014, some ISA providers believe the change will fundamentally undermine the tax efficiency of ISAs. Providers will no longer be able to describe all ISAs as tax-free in order to encourage savers and investors, they say. Some ISAs will be more tax-free than others.

The Treasury has also confirmed plans to restrict savers from holding cash-like investments in their stocks and shares ISA. Money-market funds will not qualify for ISAs if they account for the entirety of the investor's stocks and shares ISA portfolio; ISA managers and platforms will then be forced to intervene.

There will also be a veto on transfers of money into a cash ISA from holdings in a stocks and shares or innovative ISA, which is currently allowed. Again, while the goal is to stop investors getting round the new rules, one result will be to limit financial planning and constrain the flexibility of investment strategies.

This will affect everyone. In last November's Budget, the Treasury said savers and investors aged 65 or over would be exempt from the lower annual allowance on cash ISAs, maintaining their full £20,000. The thinking is that older people are often in a phase of running down their savings and may therefore need to take a more risk-averse approach to managing their money. This week, however, the Treasury revealed that the over-65s won't be exempt from tax on interest from cash or from the ban on investing an entire stocks and shares ISA in money-market funds, although they will be allowed to transfer to stocks and shares Isas to cash ISAs.

All of which adds a great deal of complexity to the ISA rules – and plenty of scope for adverse outcomes for investors. Plus, ISA providers themselves will muddy the waters. JPMorgan Personal Investing, for example, has already announced that, from this week onwards, it will no longer pay interest on cash held in a stocks and shares ISA if an investor's entire pot is held in cash. The move is in line with the intent of the Treasury's thinking, but will naturally save JPMorgan Investing some money. And previously, the Financial Conduct Authority has warned the whole ISA industry about paying poor interest rates on cash held in a stocks and shares ISA.

Elsewhere, ISA providers – including leading online platforms – are already beginning to rethink their policies on what they will and won't allow investors to do. They will want to get ahead of restrictions and may simply withdraw certain products and services completely. Maybe they'll no longer allow investors to receive cash dividends, for example, requiring everyone to use accumulation funds.

Will Reeves stay chancellor long enough?

All of which is a reminder of how strongly the law of unintended consequences applies in the world of tax. The desire of the Treasury to shift money out of cash ISAs into stocks and shares accounts that are seen as more supportive of economic growth is understandable – the most recent official statistics reveal investors put £69.5bn into the former in the 2023-2024 tax year against only £31.1bn in the latter. But more doubt and complexity may simply put people off, reducing the size of the whole pie.

There's one final unknown, meanwhile. This scheme is the brainchild of Rachel Reeves and her team. But will she remain chancellor long enough to finalise the remaining details – a short technical consultation will take place between now and the autumn – let alone to see it come into operation next April? Maybe a different chancellor will want to do something completely different.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

Grieving families now face paying out more money to help resolve a loved one’s estate after the cost of applying for probate rose by 75% this month.

The Grant of Probate fee - giving someone a legal right to deal with the assets of a person who has passed away - increased on 13 July from £300 to £526.

It has almost doubled since May 2024, when it was £273.

Martyn James, consumer expert, said the hike would leave people “absolutely justified in feeling upset and ripped off”.

He added: “Probate is one of the most antiquated, bureaucratic and complex processes we will encounter – precisely at the point where we need simple and clear help the most.”

A Ministry of Justice spokesperson said the cost helps improve its service.

The spokesperson said:  “We know that losing a loved one is already a difficult time. That’s why it’s vital the probate service remains as smooth, swift and simple as possible. 

“The new fee reflects the full cost of an ever-improving service which enables families to resolve disputes in as little as two weeks. Increasing fees is always a last resort, however the new cost accounts for rising inflation as well as investment in delivering an efficient and modern service.

“The worst off will face no fees whatsoever and anyone struggling can still apply to have the fee reduced or removed entirely through our Help with Fees scheme.”

While the application fee has increased, the charge for copies of the probate documents – when requested alongside the application – has been cut from £16 to £2.

What is probate?

Probate is the legal right granted to someone to deal with and distribute another person’s estate (property, possessions and money) when they die.

You can only apply for probate if you’re the executor of a will or the closest living relative of someone that has died who didn’t have a will in place.

Typically, the next of kin or executors of a will have to apply for probate before they can claim, transfer or distribute a deceased person’s assets.

You don’t always need to apply for probate. You may not need it if the person who died only had savings in their estate. You may also not need probate if they owned shares or money with others, in which case the shares and money go to the surviving owner.

You also don’t need to apply for probate if the deceased person owned land or property as a joint tenant. In this instance, the land or property is automatically passed to the other tenant.

Financial institutions, such as banks and mortgage lenders, have different rules on whether you can access a deceased person’s assets without having been granted probate, so it’s worth contacting them to find out what you need to do.

How do you apply for probate?

You can apply for probate by post or online via gov.uk, which is usually quicker.

If you’re applying by post, the form you need to fill in is different depending on whether the person left a will or not.

If they did, you need to fill in the application form PA1P. If they didn’t have a will, you need to fill in the PA1A form.

The government says the probate is typically granted within 12 weeks of submitting an application.

It’s crucial you do a few things before applying for probate though.

This includes working out an estimate of the value of the dead person’s estate for inheritance tax (IHT) purposes.

Even if no IHT is due, you’ll need the value as part of your probate application.

If IHT is due on the estate, you have to report its value to HMRC within one year via an IHT400 form. You can’t apply for probate until this is done and normally need to start paying any IHT due before you can get probate granted.

If IHT is owed on an estate, you also need to send “full details” of the estate to HMRC within 12 months of the person dying and before applying for probate.

Full details refers to the estate’s assets and debts, any gifts made, and any reliefs and exemptions.

Even if no IHT is owed, you may still need to send full details of an estate to HMRC.

For example, if the person who died gave away over £250,000 in the seven years before they died or if their estate is worth more than £3 million, you will need to contact HMRC.

There is a whole list of reasons on the gov.uk website of why you may still need to send full details of an estate to HMRC despite no IHT being owed.

You don’t have to give full details of an estate’s value to HMRC if all of the following applies:

• The estate counts as an “excepted estate”,
• There’s no IHT to pay, and
• There are no reasons, as per gov.uk, the full details of an estate still need to be sent to HMRC, despite IHT not being due.

An estate is typically classed as excepted if its value is below the nil-rate band (£325,000) or it’s worth £650,000 and any unused nil-rate band was transferred to a surviving spouse or civil partner.

An estate is also classed as excepted if the person who died left everything to a spouse living in the UK or a qualifying charity and the estate is worth less than £3 million.

The last way an estate can be excepted is when the deceased person was living permanently outside the UK when they died and the value of their UK assets is £150,000 or less.

How to help your loved ones with the probate process

You can’t do much about the cost of applying for probate, but Sarah Coles, head of personal finance for AJ Bell, suggests people can ensure their own affairs are in order so it is easier for their loved ones to manage their estate.

This includes making sure your wishes are clear by making a will, make a list of your financial arrangements including bank accounts and pensions and ensure any paperwork for taxes or unpaid debts can be found.

Coles says: “Having to pay a fee for probate is bad enough, given it creates an endless pile of admin for those you leave behind, so a 75% hike in the fee is adding insult to injury.

“For those who can’t afford it, there’s a Help with Fees remissions scheme, to cover the cost.

“For everyone else, this is one more horrible hoop to jump through that makes the paperwork and processes after death such a nightmare. It means we could all benefit from taking steps to make the process easier for our loved ones after our death.”

Investors will face a charge on any interest paid on cash in a stocks and shares ISA, the Treasury has confirmed in its latest guidance on ISA reforms.

Plans are underway to reduce the cash ISA allowance to £12,000 per year from April 2027 for savers under age 65.

The Treasury is also disincentivising holding uninvested cash in a stocks and shares ISA and restricting how much can be held in cash-style products within this type of ISA.

It has confirmed plans for a 22% charge on any interest or alternative finance return paid on cash held within a non-cash ISA, from April 2027. This may be money that account holders haven’t invested yet or from dividends paid out.

But in some good news for investors, money market funds will be allowed in a stocks and shares ISA as long as they do not make up 100% of the investments.

Common investments held in stocks and shares ISAs such as individual shares, funds, investment trusts, exchange-traded funds and corporate and government bonds, including UK gilts, will not be treated as cash-like assets, the Treasury said.

James Carter, head of platform policy at Fidelity International, said: “We are pleased to see that cash-like investments will remain eligible for non-cash ISAs.

“These products are genuine investment products, holding short-term government and high-quality debt, and form a valued part of many balanced portfolios. Removing them from the stocks and shares ISA framework would have undermined the government’s objective of encouraging more people to invest, by giving customers a cliff edge choice between staying in cash or moving directly into higher-risk, more complex products.”

New restrictions on transfers into cash ISAs

Transfers from stocks and shares ISAs into cash ISAs will not be permitted but it will be allowed the other way round.

Individuals aged 65 and over will still benefit from a higher cash ISA limit of £20,000 per year, if they wish to use the full annual ISA allowance for that type of account.

The transfer restriction will be stopped from this point but the charge on interest earned on cash in a stocks and shares ISA and the prohibition on 100% cash-like investments will remain in place.

A technical consultation is due to be released by the Treasury on how the charge will work.

Greg Davies, head of behavioural finance at Oxford Risk, has already warned that the measure risks backfiring.

He said: “Getting people invested is an inherently behavioural challenge. You do not encourage nervous savers into investing by making the first step feel more complicated, more punitive and harder to reverse.

“People move from cash into markets when the journey feels clear, safe enough, and matched to their goals, time horizon and financial circumstances. Adding tax charges and transfer restrictions to an already confusing ISA system sends precisely the wrong behavioural signal.

“For many would-be investors, this will not create confident investors. It will create more hesitation, more disengagement, and more people doing nothing.”

Rachel Vahey, head of public policy for AJ Bell, warned that the changes are “increasingly complex” and “riddled with unintended consequences” and may mean people just keep money in cash ISAs instead.

She said: “The new rules mean a charge of 22% will be applied to interest paid on cash in investment ISAs. This is a flat rate charge, meaning the same rate applies whether the ISA account holder is a basic rate taxpayer, higher rate taxpayer, or indeed doesn’t pay any income tax.

“The ISA holder cannot invest 100% of their (non-cash) investment portfolio in money market funds, or that would be classed as a ‘non-qualifying’ investment. This means they could invest 99% in money market funds and 1% in, say, UK equities and that would be allowed.

“It also means they could hold 50% of their portfolio in cash, but if the remaining 50% was held in money market funds that wouldn’t be allowed. Whereas if they held 49% in money market funds and 1% in UK equities, this would be permitted under the rules.”

Will investment platforms stop paying interest on cash?

Several investment platforms such as Bestinvest, AJ Bell, interactive investor, Fidelity and Hargreaves Lansdown pay interest on cash held within a stocks and shares ISA.

The rates are not that competitive but the benefit for investors is that they can get cash in the wrapper or receive dividends and decide how they want to invest it.

It is currently unclear if platforms will stop paying interest or if investors will just need to be aware of the charge.

Carter said: “We have consistently welcomed the government’s recent focus on encouraging more people to invest, supporting better long-term outcomes. Recent initiatives such as a review of risk warnings, the introduction of a targeted support regime, and an education campaign on the benefits of investing, will all help to reset the approach to risk and bridge the gap between precautionary cash savings and long-term investment.

“We look forward to the publication of the technical consultation which will include further details required to enable providers to implement these changes.”

A spokesperson for AJ Bell was unable to comment on whether the platform will stop paying interest on cash.

Jason Hollands, managing director of Bestinvest, described the anti-circumvention measures as a "disproportionate response to a problem that may never meaningfully materialise."

He added: "Investors will also need to weigh up the relative difference in returns on a money market fund minus any platform fees, versus holding cash and having the 22% charge deducted."

MoneyWeek has asked Hargreaves Lansdown and interactive investor for comment.

The Treasury has revealed plans for a revamped Lifetime ISA (LISA) product that will remove the upper age limit and withdrawal charges but the retirement savings component will also disappear.

Chancellor Rachel Reeves revealed in her 2025 Autumn Budget that the government would launch a consultation on a “new, simpler ISA product to support first-time buyers to buy a home” in “early” 2026.

A consultation released by the Treasury this week said there is evidence that the current product is “not working well for many".

The LISA was launched in 2017, aimed at first-time buyers and pension savers.

Under current rules, you can put up to £4,000 a year into a Lifetime ISA and the government adds 25%, up to a maximum of £1,000 per year. This allowance is included within the overall £20,000 annual ISA allowance.

The money can be used either to contribute towards a deposit on a property worth up to £450,000, or to save the money and withdraw it fee-free once you reach 60 years old.

Critics suggest the price cap and age limits as well as the 25% withdrawal charge for "unauthorised" withdrawals make the Lifetime ISA unattractive.

The Treasury consultation acknowledges this and highlights that the number of unauthorised withdrawal charges is increasing year on year, reaching 8% of all accounts opened in 2024/25.

The document also warns that the LISA "may be diverting people from saving into pension products that may be a more appropriate for them".

The Treasury said: “The government is committed to making the aspiration of home ownership a reality for as many households as possible. However, we recognise that the LISA is not working for everyone, and that when people’s circumstances change, they should be able to adjust their finances accordingly.

“We understand that the complexity of the LISA may have dissuaded many providers from offering it, and savers from taking it up, meaning that it is not as accessible as it could be. That is why we are consulting on the implementation of a new, simpler, ISA product to support first-time buyers.”

The government is now seeking views on a replacement product called the First Time Buyer ISA (FTB ISA).

How would the First Time Buyer ISA work?

The new First Time Buyer ISA (FTB ISA) will solely be for the purposes of buying a first home.

The self-employed who can't access auto-enrolment would need to stick with a LISA or focus on a private pension or self-invested personal pension to save for retirement.

Similar to the LISA, there would be cash and stocks and shares options, money saved into the account would go towards your annual ISA allowance and there would be a government bonus, although the level hasn't been announced.

Accounts can only be open from age 18 and there would be no upper age limit.

Subscription limits, property price caps and the level of the government bonus will be announced at a future fiscal event to take account of market conditions and wider public finance context, the Treasury said.

The document added: “Increases to any of these parameters in isolation would come with a cost. A lower subscription limit and/or property price cap could allow for a higher government bonus and would shift the benefits towards lower income savers outside London and the South East.”

There isn't a launch date yet for the product but the Treasury said it would like it to be available "as soon as practically possible".

What is the difference between the First Time Buyer ISA and the Lifetime ISA?

There are a few differences between the FTB ISA and the LISA, including it only being available to first-time buyers.

Unlike the LISA, which has to be opened by age 40 and the bonus can only be earned until age 50, there will be no upper age limit.

The government bonus will be paid as a percentage of subscriptions made, rather than the value of the account, at the point that an individual withdraws funds to purchase their first home.

This means that the bonus is calculated on what an individual has put into the account, minus any withdrawals made, not on any investment growth or savings interest accrued subsequently.

Under the current system, providers pay the government bonus in a LISA each month, when a contribution has been made in the previous month. For example, if you deposit £1,000 in one month, a 25% bonus (£250) would be added in the following month.

But the new FTB ISA bonus will be paid at the point an individual makes a withdrawal for purchasing their first home.

The Treasury said this removes the need for a withdrawal charge and means a saver can withdraw funds, should their circumstances change, without penalty.

Rachael Griffin, tax and financial planning expert at Quilter, said: “Thousands of savers have been charged for accessing their LISA for an unauthorised withdrawal, often because their financial circumstances changed unexpectedly and they needed to dip into their savings. Allowing people to access their money when needed, while still being incentivised to save towards a deposit for a first home, would be a much better design.

“Equally important is the decision to remove the upper age limit. The average age of a first-time buyer has been consistently on the rise, yet the Lifetime ISA effectively shut the door on those who did not get onto the property ladder prior to turning 40. A reformed product with no age limit would reflect a more modern housing market.”

Rachel Vahey, head of public policy at AJ Bell, said moving away from an upfront bonus should make the system simpler but she has warned that savers will lose out on the investment growth they could have earned on the bonus while building up their deposit.

She highlighted that someone paying in £4,000 each year for five years into a Lifetime ISA with a bonus added each year would have built up £28,165 assuming 4% growth net of charges. Under the FTB ISA, assuming the same terms including payments, and that a government bonus of 25% is added when buying the house, the ISA holder would only have built up £27,532.

Vahey added: “For some first-time buyers, that could mean having less money available when they come to purchase a home.”

Who can use the FTB ISA?

The FTB ISA will be available to UK residents over age 18 looking to purchase their first home.

It can only be used with a mortgage, which excludes cash buyers and you will need to have the account open for at least 12 months to become eligible for the bonus.

What will happen to the Lifetime ISA?  

There is no suggestion currently that the LISA will be phased out so accounts can still be opened and used.

Individuals with funds in a LISA will not be able to transfer their money to the new FTB product as they will have already received the government bonus.

But you will be able to use any funds in your existing LISA and those in the new FTB ISA for the same purchase.

Individuals will be able to hold both the new FTB ISA and an existing LISA, but will only be able to save into one in the same tax year.

Regardless of where the property price cap is set, the FTB ISA, LISA and Help to Buy ISA cap will be aligned so that no account holders will lose out, the Treasury said.

To ensure that holders of the Help to Buy ISA do not lose out, the Treasury is also proposing that holders will be able to transfer their holdings into the new FTB product up to the subscription limits.

Additionally, as part of wider ISA reforms, transfers from a stocks and shares ISA to the new cash FTB ISA will be banned.

Paula Higgins, chief executive of the HomeOwners Alliance, said this is “well-intentioned reform” but warned that unless the property price cap is reviewed, it risks fixing one unfairness while leaving another firmly in place.

She said: “The Treasury should update the cap now and future-proof the scheme by ensuring it rises in line with house prices, rather than allowing it to become outdated again.

“First-time buyers need a product designed for the housing market of the future, not one based on prices from nearly a decade ago.”

NS&I has increased the rates on nine of its savings accounts as it looks to draw in customers and meet its financing target.

The Treasury-backed bank increased rates on one, two, three and five-year fixed bonds and a green savings bond today (23 June).

The rise in the fixed bonds comes as NS&I looks to meet its net financing target for the 2026/27 financial year of £15 billion, up from £13 billion in 2025/26.

The financing target is set by the government, which can influence what rates NS&I offers on its accounts. If the target is higher, NS&I may raise interest rates.

It is the third time NS&I has hiked interest rates on the one, two, three and five-year fixed-rate bonds in 2026.

Sarah Coles, head of personal finance at investment platform AJ Bell, said: “The savings market is impressively competitive right now, and NS&I has entered the fray.

“Banks are pulling out all the stops to compete, keeping fixed rate deals higher and forcing NS&I to raise rates again to attract the cash it needs.”

Which NS&I accounts will pay more?

The interest rates have been raised on the following nine accounts:

Credit: NS&I

You can open one of the eight Guaranteed Growth or Income bonds with a minimum investment of £500 and save a maximum of £1 million.

You can open the Green Savings Bonds with a minimum £100 investment and hold a maximum of £100,000.

You cannot withdraw funds early as all nine accounts are fixed-term while you also cannot access the money until the end of the term.

After the accounts mature, you can withdraw any cash or reinvest it into a new NS&I account.

You can apply for the accounts on the NS&I website.

How do NS&I's savings accounts compare to others on the market?

While the boost in rates is good news for savers, there are slightly better options if you want to get the top rate.

The better deals are with smaller providers, but they are protected by the Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS).

Customers can get a 4.81% interest rate with StreamBank on its one-year bond, as well as 4.8% with Afin Bank.

In terms of two-year fixed-rate deals, Market Harborough Building Society is offering a 4.86% interest rate on its two-year bond while Afin Bank is offering a two-year bond paying 4.85% interest.

Afin Bank is also offering the most competitive rate on three-year fixed-rate bonds (4.85%) while thisbank has a three-year fixed bond paying 4.82% in interest.

Meanwhile, Afin Bank’s five-year fixed-term bond pays 4.9% interest while Atom Bank has a five-year fixed bond paying 4.85%.

NS&I’s Green Savings Bond has shot up the rankings and is now the joint-second best green savings account on the market, according to Moneyfacts, beaten only by Castle Trust Bank’s three-year e-Saver account paying 4.54% interest.

Coles said the significant hike to the rate on the Green Savings Bond suggested “the previous policy of hoping green-conscious savers would be happier to overlook a much lower rate for the bonds just wasn’t working in attracting the cash” NS&I wanted.

Santander has launched a market-leading regular savings account which pays an interest rate of 8%.

The account is open to new and existing customers with a qualifying Santander current account, including: Santander Everyday, Edge, Edge Student, Edge Up and Explorer.

The Everyday and Edge Student current accounts are fee-free while the other three charge up to £17 a month.

You must be 16 or over and live in the UK to apply for the regular saver.

Customers can open Santander’s regular saver with just £1 and save up to a maximum of £200 every month.

The 8% interest rate includes a 5% bonus for the first 12 months. After 12 months, it falls to 3%. The interest rate is variable meaning it could go up or down at any point.

Money can be withdrawn from the account anytime penalty-free.

Jessica Sheldon, MoneyWeek's deputy digital editor, added: "While an 8% interest rate is certainly eye-catching, restrictions on monthly contributions mean savers might not end up with as much interest as they think they would with a regular savings account, so it’s worth considering whether it’s the best option for you.”

“It’s a good idea to regularly check the best rates for savings accounts, and set a reminder to review the account once a bonus rate period ends.”

How does Santander’s regular savings account compare to the rest of the market?

When it comes to headline interest rate, Santander’s regular savings account pays the most on the market as of 23 June.

The next best account in terms of rate is Zopa’s regular saver paying 7.1% interest, followed by The Co-operative Bank’s regular saver paying 7%.

However, you could earn more interest with The Co-operative Bank’s regular saver as it lets you add £250 into the account each month.

Assuming you added the maximum £200 into the Santander regular saver each month, didn’t withdraw any money and the interest rate stayed the same, you could earn £104 in interest over the course of a year.

But, if you paid the maximum £250 per month into The Co-operative Bank’s regular saver, you could earn £114 over the year, assuming no withdrawals or changes to the interest rate.

Is a regular savings account the best option for you?

Regular savings accounts may not be as attractive as they seem, as the headline interest rate only applies to money that is saved for a whole year – meaning the first month’s deposit.

The second month’s deposit is only in the account for 11 months of that year, so you only earn eleven twelfths of the interest rate.

Therefore, on average, you’re effectively getting half the headline rate advertised.

This means, if you already have a lump sum, you could get more interest by putting the money into an easy-access or fixed rate savings account instead.

For example, you would get £104 in interest by drip-feeding £2,400 into Santander’s regular savings account over 12 months, based on no withdrawals being made and the interest rate remaining at 8%.

However, if you added a lump sum of £2,400 into the top-paying easy-access savings account, currently Chase which pays 4.5%, at the end of the year you would have earned £110 in interest.

The Labour leadership election may be set to dominate the news agenda and dinner party conversations for the next month or so but it may not have as much of an impact on your investments as many fear.

Sir Keir Starmer resigned as Labour leader this morning, paving way for a leadership election and a new prime minister to be appointed before the summer recess.

Newly-appointed Labour MP Andy Burnham is the only candidate to have thrown his name in the ring so far and it is unclear what his policies will be and who else will challenge.

Stock markets don’t like uncertainty but investors have had to get used to plenty of political upheaval in recent years.

Starmer is the fifth prime minister to resign since 2016, starting with when David Cameron stepped down in the aftermath of the Brexit vote.

The most recent resignation before that was Labour leader Tony Blair in 2007.

But exclusive analysis by wealth manager Quilter for MoneyWeek shows that while these resignations make good headlines, they don’t actually have a drastic impact on stock markets, which could be good news for investor portfolios.

What impact do leadership elections have on financial markets?

Quilter analysed economic indicators such as equities, gilts and the value of sterling against the dollar in the three month build up to a prime minister’s resignation and the three months after.

The analysis showed a mixed picture.

Tim Armitage, investment strategist at Quilter Cheviot, said: “Leadership resignations often prompt headlines about market uncertainty, but history suggests markets do not react to resignations themselves, rather they respond to the underlying risks those resignations expose or resolve.

“Across recent UK history, market reactions tend to fall into three broad patterns – where the resignation follows an external shock, reflects a loss of policy credibility, or occurs against an already dominant macro backdrop.”

UK equities were up by 3.8% in the three months before Tony Blair stepped down in May 2007 and fell 7% in the three month aftermath.

But in some cases, such as the resignations of David Cameron in May 2016 and Liz Truss in October 2022, UK equities actually rose in the three month aftermath by 13.6% and 12.3% respectively.

Armitage added: “In the case of David Cameron, his resignation followed the Brexit referendum, which drove a sharp fall in sterling. While this created immediate volatility, it also supported UK equities and bonds due to the international earnings profile of many listed companies.

“In contrast, Liz Truss’ resignation followed a clear crisis of policy credibility linked to unfunded tax cuts. Markets had already reacted sharply, particularly in gilt yields, and stabilised as her departure removed a key source of uncertainty alongside intervention and reassurance from the Bank of England.”

The impact on sterling has also varied, falling by 7.2% against the dollar when Boris Johnson resigned in July 2022, but rising by 9.2% when Truss left Downing Street.

Armitage said: “Boris Johnson’s resignation came during a period dominated by global macro forces, namely rising inflation and the energy shock following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, meaning there was little discernible shift in market direction attributable to domestic political change.”

The FTSE 100 and FTSE 250 don’t appear to have been impacted since Starmer’s resignation.

Armitage said: “For investors, the key takeaway is that political change tends to matter most when it alters confidence in fiscal and economic policy. Periods of uncertainty can create short-term volatility, but markets often stabilise quickly once a clearer policy direction emerges.

“Looking ahead, any market reaction to Sir Keir Starmer’s resignation will depend less on the event itself and more on whether it reduces or increases uncertainty around fiscal policy, regulation and economic direction. Early signals on policy continuity and key appointments are likely to be more important for investors than the leadership change alone.”

The key lesson appears to be that time in the market, rather than timing the market, remains the main policy that investors should follow.

Andrew Prosser, head of investments at InvestEngine, said: “Political instability – such as a change in prime minister – can create both risks and opportunities for investors but those who want to grow their money over the long term should not be worried. This upheaval may move markets in the short term, but history has shown markets always recover, and often quicker than expected.

“The investors who tend to come out ahead of periods like this are the ones who stay diversified and stay invested. Our advice is that long-term investors should avoid making knee-jerk decisions, ignore the noise and sit on their hands. Time in the market, as ever, matters more than timing the market.”

Tadashi Yanai is living out his dream. Of all the many art books lining his wood-panelled office in Tokyo, the most “sacred text” turns out to be a Next catalogue from 1987, shot by the now famous Vogue and Vanity Fair photographer Koto Bolofo. “This inspired me most, back in the Eighties,” says Yanai, who at 77 is Japan's richest man with a fortune put at around $69bn. “Ordinary people looking cool and casual… I wanted to deliver this kind of clothing for current times. Clothes to make people happy.”

You know when a brand has conquered the zeitgeist when the vocabulary around it goes mainstream. For Uniqlo – the fast-fashion phenomenon with a mission to dress the world in its anonymously chic “wardrobe building blocks” – that moment came when the word “unibare” entered the lexicon, says The Times. It expresses the moment you realise that someone is wearing Uniqlo, “rather than anything more expensive”.

In April, shares in Fast Retailing – Uniqlo's parent company – hit a record high on the back of roaring overseas growth in the US and Europe, says Bloomberg. They've now gained 45% year-to-date. Fast Retailing is the third biggest apparel company in the world after Zara's Inditex and the H&M stable, and its humble brown paper bags have become a fixture from Oxford Street to Fifth Avenue.

In a business culture “famed for grey conformity”, Tadashi Yanai “can't help but swim against the tide”, says Time – happily flaunting his success despite local taboos against ostentatious wealth. He owns two golf courses on the Hawaiian island of Maui alone. Yet when you walk with him through Uniqlo he reveals some “quintessentially Japanese traits”, says Bloomberg Businessweek: “attention to detail, supply-chain prowess, minimalist aesthetics” – and frugality.

Tadashi Yanai was born into the rag trade

Tadashi Yanai grew up in the trade – his parents ran a menswear shop in Ube on the main Japanese island of Honshu. The event that changed his life was the Vietnam war, which interrupted his studies in political economy at Tokyo's Waseda University because of a student walk-out. The break enabled him to travel to the US and UK, where the proliferation of mid-market clothing shops planted a seed. In 1972, after a brief stint selling men's clothes for a supermarket chain, Tadashi Yanai was handed the keys to his father's now expanded business.

In 1984 he opened the first branch of the Unique Clothing Warehouse in Hiroshima to pursue a more casual style. The firm's big breakthrough came in 1998 – as Japan was reeling from its burst economic bubble – when Yanai opened Uniqlo's first Tokyo outlet and sold a lightweight fleece for just £15. “Every fourth Japanese consumer bought one.”

When Tadashi Yanai published his autobiography, One Win and Nine Losses, he had a cathartic time describing his many mistakes down the years – not least overhasty expansion efforts, which necessitated a humiliating retreat. These days, Uniqlo's expansion is more measured, but has a relentless quality, says The Times. Having targeted national capitals, it's going for the regions – in the past year, opening new British stores in Liverpool, Glasgow, Edinburgh and Bristol. A series of designer collaborations – with minimalist Jil Sander and, latterly, Dior maestro Jonathan Anderson – has boosted the brand's appeal.

Tadashi Yanai, who is building sponsorship programmes with art galleries globally, has strong ideas about being “a force for good” and giving back to society. Yet he runs his own fiefdom like “a dictator”, says Time. With two sons now working in the business, questions about the succession abound. But he's giving nothing away. “When I get older my dream is to take a walk every day on the streets of London” – a continuing source of inspiration, he told The Telegraph in 2015. No sign of that happening any time soon.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

Around £221.5 million was stolen in investment fraud during 2025, as scammers target those trying to get investing.

Across all types of scams, Brits unknowingly handed over a whopping £1.3 billion to fraudsters in 2025, up 4% from 2024, trade body UK Finance found.

Investment fraud was the leading type of authorised push payment (APP) fraud, where criminals exploit online platforms to manipulate victims into authorising payments themselves, making up just under half of all losses of this type.

The vast majority (66%) of all APP fraud, including investment fraud, begins online as scammers are more easily able to cast a wide net to attract victims with get rich quick schemes, UK Finance found.

Other types of APP fraud on the rise include purchase scams, where a victim pays in advance for goods that are never received, which accounted for 71% of all APP fraud. Losses in this category were up 20% to £118.1 million in 2025.

The amount stolen through romance fraud, where victims are persuaded to make a payment to a person they have never met but believe they are in a relationship with, was up 22% in 2025, totalling £39.2 million.

Ruth Ray, managing director of economic crime at UK Finance, said: “Fraud operates on an industrial scale, harming people, businesses and the UK economy, typically funding serious and organised crime in the UK and globally.

“The financial sector invests huge amounts in protecting customers, but we cannot be the only line of defence. Almost £1.3 billion was stolen again last year and it is clear we are not tackling the underlying problem effectively enough.

Ray called for online tech platforms to have “stronger, enforceable responsibilities” to urgently stop criminals profiting from fraud.

AI is making investment scams easier than ever

The rise of AI-generated images and videos has made fraud easier than ever for scammers, as many imitate famous figures in finance to feign credibility. Last year, MoneyWeek found fraudsters using the likeness of investor Steven Bartlett to lure unsuspecting victims.

Since then, similar scams that use the likeness of Bank of England governor Andrew Bailey, and Blackrock CEO Larry Fink, and others have been found.

A survey of fraud-management and financial crime prevention experts showed that AI is making fraud more difficult to deal with.

Around 84% of respondents to the survey by BioCatch, said AI has increased the sophistication of fraud and scam schemes as deepfakes are becoming increasingly difficult to spot.

Jonathan Frost, director of global advisory for EMEA at BioCatch said: “Agentic AI is making fraud faster, more scalable, and harder to detect. Criminals will inevitably use AI, potentially leading to exponential growth in fraud.”

How to protect yourself from fraud

With fraud on the rise, there are steps you can take to protect yourself. These include:

• Never give out your personal information to any organisation before you check they are legitimate. This includes your name, address, bank details, email, or phone number.
• Make sure your personal devices have up-to-date antivirus software so that any malware targeting you can be stopped before it does significant damage.
• Be conscious of phishing attempts where scammers send emails, texts, or phone calls pretending to be an organisation or individual that they are not. They often try to get you to give out your personal details or passwords. Common signs of a phishing message include grammatical errors, urgent language and suspicious-sounding email addresses or numbers.

If you think you have been a victim of fraud, contact your bank as soon as possible. You should also report the crime to Action Fraud.

To prevent yourself from becoming a victim, you should also remember the number 159 – a number you can dial if you get a suspecting call. It will direct you to your bank who can confirm if the caller is legitimate.

Pensioners who were in certain pension schemes of failed companies are in line for a share of almost £2 billion in top-up payments.

The Pension Protection Fund (PPF) – the industry-funded rescue fund for defined benefit pension schemes – will begin writing to in excess of 300,000 former staff of collapsed firms from July. Payments will be made from January 2027.

These pensioners missed out on inflation protection which they should have been entitled to as part of their payments from their company pension schemes – meaning their pension should have risen in line with prices but didn’t.

Defined benefit pensions pay a regular guaranteed income based on a worker’s salary and length of service. Many are closed to new members but are particularly valuable because of the inflation protection which boosted the retirement income.

However some pensioners were denied this valuable benefit before 1997 by their former employers, in firms that later went bust.

A recent rule change now means they will get the money they are owed. In April, the Pension Schemes Act became law, allowing the PPF and the Financial Assistance Scheme (FAS) to make the additional inflation-linked payments.

The PPF protects millions of UK defined benefit scheme members if their employer becomes insolvent. The Financial Assistance Scheme (FAS) is a separate but similar government-funded scheme designed to help those whose employers became insolvent between 1997 and 2005. Both are administered by the PPF.

A PPF spokesperson said: “Supporting our members is central to the PPF's role. The government's decision to enable us to pay inflation increases on pre-97 compensation will strengthen outcomes for many PPF and FAS members.

“Implementing this change requires significant work and we’re making good progress to be able to start paying these increases to eligible members from January 2027. We will continue to keep members fully informed throughout."

Who will get payouts?

The change in the law applies to PPF and FAS members whose former pension schemes promised to pay its members pre-1997 inflation-linked increases in their retirement payments.

Prior to 1997 – long before the PPF and FAS were set up – the law did not compel employers who provided defined benefit scheme pensions to also provide inflation protection for their members’ retirement income.

In practice the majority of defined benefit pension schemes did, in their scheme rules, provide inflation protection, but not all.

When the PPF and FAS were set up, the founding legislation (Pensions Act 2004) did not allow these lifeboat funds to pay pre-97 inflation-linked increases to all their members.

Now, however, the change in the Pension Schemes Act applies to PPF and FAS members whose former schemes promised pre-97 indexation as a right.

The PPF has, in the past months, reviewed the scheme rules of all 2,000 schemes which have transferred to the PPF and FAS.

Having completed this exercise, the PPF has determined that in excess of 300,000 members will be eligible for pre-1997 inflation-linked pension increases in the future.

Affected pension scheme members don’t have to do anything. The PPF will write to those eligible from next month.

Small-cap stocks have been abandoned by investors. That is bad news not only for the companies themselves, but for the wider UK economy. In the past, the smallest businesses listed on the London stock market have played an important role in Britain's economy. Ambitious young companies could raise money, expand their operations and, if successful, grow into much larger businesses. Investors who backed them early often enjoyed excellent returns along the way.

Today, that system is breaking down. A series of regulatory changes and industry shifts has steadily diverted money away from smaller companies and towards the largest firms in the market. The result is a funding drought for many promising businesses and fewer opportunities for savers seeking long-term growth. Because these changes are now deeply embedded, a reversal looks unlikely anytime soon.

That does not mean investors should ignore small caps. In fact, the current environment may offer some of the best opportunities seen for years. But investors need to adapt. Simply buying cheap shares and waiting for the market to recognise their value is no longer enough. Many small-cap stocks remain overlooked for years. The most attractive opportunities are often companies that can grow rapidly, recover from temporary setbacks, or unlock value through corporate activity. In other words, investors should be looking for tomorrow's mid-caps rather than today's statistically cheap shares.

Finding bargains in small-cap stocks isn't enough

The UK stock market is shrinking as listed companies disappear through takeovers, private-equity bids and delistings. At the same time, fewer investors are directing money towards small caps. As a result, prices at the lower end of the market often fail to reflect the underlying performance of a business. In theory, that should make stockpicking easier. If markets become less efficient, bargains should become more common. The problem is that cheap shares can now remain cheap for a long time. Buying undervalued stocks only works if someone eventually notices that they are undervalued.

To understand why this is happening, it helps to look at how the wealth-management industry has changed. Not long ago, stockbrokers and fund managers devoted considerable resources to researching smaller companies and allocating clients' capital across the market. That process helped ensure that money flowed to promising businesses and that share prices broadly reflected reality. Things have changed. Building bespoke portfolios has become increasingly expensive and administratively burdensome. Faced with rising compliance requirements and growing scrutiny over fees, many advisers have stopped making investment decisions themselves. Clumsy rules from the regulator triggered this shift. To eliminate compliance risks and operational costs, advisers stopped managing money altogether. Instead, they outsourced the process entirely to mass-market model-portfolio services (MPS).

That trend has concentrated massive wealth into a handful of firms. Four dominant discretionary managers now control the bulk of the UK MPS market. Quilter WealthSelect, Tatton Investment Management, Timeline Portfolios and AJ Bell Investments manage more than £70 billion combined and are growing rapidly. Today, the MPS marketplace relies almost entirely on passive tracking funds. Driven by regulatory pressure to keep fees low, providers invest in cheap index funds that replicate the wider market. Human judgment has been replaced by algorithms. Instead of analysing whether a business is worth buying, a passive fund allocates cash based purely on how large a company it already is.

The big four allocate a combined £9 billion to the UK stock market. Yet tracing the money down to the underlying holdings reveals that almost none of it reaches smaller companies. When investment committees use passive UK equity trackers, index rules determine where the money goes. These index rules explain why the largest wealth managers hold next to nothing in smaller companies. In the past, a balanced portfolio routinely allocated several percent to small caps. Today, that support has vanished. Quilter WealthSelect and Tatton Investment

Management control around £50 billion between them, yet their reliance on broad market benchmarks dilutes actual small-cap exposure to around 0.3% of total assets. AJ Bell relies on trackers that systematically lop off the bottom 3% of the investable market, so its allocation to pure small caps sits at virtually nothing.

This starvation of capital has triggered a destructive feedback loop, worsened by past regulatory mistakes. New rules permanently damaged the stock market by forcing brokers to charge separately for research and trading. When active funds dominated the market, brokers employed armies of researchers to write detailed reports, helping fund managers choose where to invest. In the past, brokers spent time analysing small companies to drum up interest among investors and find buyers for their shares, funding the work through trading in large companies. This research gave smaller firms visibility and kept their share prices accurate. Once the regulator banned this so-called bundling, the commercial model for small-cap broking collapsed because passive tracking funds do not buy research.

Analysts' coverage for companies valued under £250 million has all but vanished. Today, hundreds of listed British businesses are completely ignored by the market. With no regular broker reports, private investors have to work much harder, using specialised resources to find out how well these businesses are performing. Institutional investors will not buy shares in a company that nobody covers and brokers will not spend money writing about companies that the big wealth platforms are blocked from buying. Investing is becoming a purely automated exercise driven by index size, leaving high-quality small companies completely cut off.

How to find the right small-cap stocks

Yet all is not lost. For savvy investors who understand this breakdown, the dysfunction creates a lucrative hunting ground. To succeed, investors must leave behind old-style value investing. Buying a stock simply because it looks cheap on paper is a mistake, as passive investing means that value stocks may remain cheap forever. Instead, investors must look through these three specific lenses to find the stocks that can entice money from investors.

The first lens focuses attention on structural growth – that is, high-quality businesses expanding their operations and becoming more valuable in the process, generating high levels of real growth by deploying a proven commercial formula. This could make them the mid-caps of the future. When a company grows its earnings consistently, the compounding effect eventually overwhelms the lack of market interest. Even if the valuation multiple stays depressed, the sheer scale of the underlying profit expansion forces the share price higher, dragging the business out of the small-cap index to where there are far more investors.

The second lens reveals recovery plays that have hit cyclical lows. The turbulent economy of the last few years has battered corporate earnings, causing share prices to collapse and pushing formerly substantial businesses down into the small-cap sector. But this is often a temporary condition driven by external cyclical factors rather than permanent structural decline. The goal is to identify businesses that have survived the worst of the downturn and have the strength to capitalise on the inevitable rebound. When the cycle turns, these companies will enjoy a dramatic recovery, delivering an explosive bounce in earnings.

The third lens focuses on corporate activity – revealing under-the-radar businesses where an activist investor has built a stake to force operational change, unlock shareholder value or streamline the group. The activity can take many forms – from cost-cutting programmes to selling off non-core assets, or shrinking the share count using excess cash – and create prime targets for full takeovers by external corporate buyers. Private-equity firms and larger international corporations routinely scan the UK small-cap market for high-quality assets trading at steep discounts to their private market value. When a corporate buyer launches a full cash takeover bid, the market reaction can deliver value for shareholders. The following companies are examples that meet some of these three criteria.

Nine of the best UK small-cap stocks

Fintel (LSE: FNTL) is a structurally growing business that is priced as if it is not. It provides critical compliance data and fintech software to thousands of British financial advisers through its dominant SimplyBiz and Defaqto brands. The result is a highly predictable stream of recurring subscription income, with demand likely to increase as regulation across the retail wealth sector becomes more stringent. Yet the market prices the combined entity at a steep discount to the price that other similar businesses have been acquired for. This allows investors to buy a highly scalable fintech at a bargain valuation, long before the compounding earnings force a market rerating.

Software Circle (LSE: SFT) aims to generate structural growth via a disciplined consolidation strategy. It is actively buying up niche software businesses within highly fragmented sectors across the UK. Operations are at an early stage, but management is progressing sensibly, securing acquisitions at very attractive multiples while maintaining a lean head office and a decentralised operational structure. This playbook closely mirrors the model of other firms that have generated immense long-term wealth. Though tiny today, this firm has all the traits necessary to deliver exceptional multi-year shareholder returns.

Amcomri Group (LSE: AMCO) operates a strict buy, improve, build strategy across the fragmented UK engineering and manufacturing sectors. The business targets high-quality industrial firms facing the owner's retirement, acquiring them at low single-digit multiples before driving organic margin improvements. This roll-up model generates highly predictable structural growth completely independent of the wider macroeconomic backdrop. Recent final results confirm this operational formula is working, with pre-tax profits significantly ahead of market expectations.

Vanquis Banking Group (LSE: VANQ) is a cyclical recovery play. Formerly a FTSE 100 stock called Provident Financial, the lender shrank into a micro-cap minnow after major operational disasters. Management has finished cleaning up the wreckage, yet the market still prices the shares as if collapse is certain. Vanquis provides credit cards and vehicle finance to millions of sub-prime borrowers that mainstream banks ignore. Management targets mid-teens returns on tangible equity by 2027. If they deliver, the shares will be unbelievably cheap and a sharp market rerating should drive the share price up to reward investors who timed the recovery correctly. The bank operates as a far better business than its depressed price reflects.

Focusrite (LSE: TUNE) is a clear case of a former stockmarket darling caught at a cyclical low. The audio-products group enjoyed an unprecedented sales boom during the pandemic. However, as global demand normalised, the business wrestled with severe inventory overstocking and costly distribution headaches that clouded performance for several years. Recent trading updates indicate that these operational problems are finally clearing. Trading on a low multiple of its current depressed earnings, Focusrite offers massive upside. As underlying profits recover toward historic levels, this corporate recovery could trigger a rise to a much higher share price.

Marshalls (LSE: MSLH) serves as another example of a business hitting a cyclical low, operating as a highly respected supplier to the struggling UK building industry. High interest rates, inflation and uncertainty about policy have brought domestic construction to its knees, dragging the business down with it. This company once commanded a premium valuation as a well-known mid-cap, but it has now fallen into obscurity. The shares historically traded at a multiple to book value, yet they currently languish at a clear discount. When building activity inevitably recovers, Marshalls will benefit immensely, potentially driving a sharp recovery in its share price.

Capita (LSE: CPI) is another cyclical recovery play, a fallen angel offering massive potential for recovery. The outsourcing giant once sat in the FTSE 100 before a collapse dragged it down to micro-cap levels. New management has aggressively cleaned up the balance sheet, selling non-core software assets to eliminate debt. The business still generates more than £2.4 billion in annual revenues, yet trades at a deeply depressed valuation. This turnaround relies entirely on internal cost-cutting rather than macroeconomic growth. As administrative cost-cutting leaves more free cash in the bank, the shares could enjoy a substantial and justified market rerating.

Funding Circle (LSE: FCH) is an underappreciated growth story driven by massive operational gearing. The digital platform matches small business borrowers with institutional lenders. This matching model requires very few incremental cost rises to service new volume. This structural efficiency allows expanding revenues to drop straight to the bottom line. Pre-tax profits recently surged from £3.4 billion to £20.3 billion and are on track almost to double again to £35 million this year. The wider market remains blind to this compounding scaleability, mispricing a high-margin financial matchmaker as just another lender.

SDI Group (LSE: SDI) offers a double whammy by combining structural growth with a cyclical margin recovery. The company runs a highly disciplined buy-and-build strategy, acquiring niche scientific-instrument businesses that specialise in optics and photonics for laboratories. This consolidation model delivered excellent long-term returns until a recent downturn in its core scientific end markets depressed the group's earnings. This temporary pain leaves the shares trading at a very cheap valuation. As laboratory budgets normalise and operating margins recover, investors could capture the combination of compounding growth and an explosive rebound.

The best specialist funds in the sector

Picking individual micro-cap stocks requires patience and knowledge, and is certainly not for everyone. For investors who prefer to delegate the task, backing a specialist fund manager with a proven record is sensible. Two specific investment trusts have proved their ability to navigate these markets with skill. The lead manager of Rockwood Strategic (LSE: RKW), Richard Staveley, has more than 25 years of experience and runs a concentrated portfolio of undervalued businesses. He engages directly with boards to unlock value, a strategy that has delivered a stellar record. Staveley targets unloved, mispriced assets and drags them through a turnaround process until the wider market is forced to pay attention.

For those looking even further down the market scale, Onward Opportunities (LSE: ONWD) provides exposure to some of the smallest companies listed in the UK. Lead manager Laurence Hulse launched the trust in March 2023 on the Aim junior market and took it to the main market in April 2026. He deliberately operates in the smallest, most illiquid territory and his execution has been outstanding, delivering a very good performance since the trust's inception.

For those selecting individual stocks today, three of the stocks mentioned above look particularly interesting. Focusrite is a cyclical recovery play that has finally cleared some post-pandemic hurdles and positioned its manufacturing operations for a strong earnings recovery. Vanquis Banking Group remains absurdly mispriced, trading at a steep discount to its underlying net asset value while the market completely ignores its mid-teens profitability targets. And Software Circle provides an underappreciated growth story with a disciplined, decentralised model for integrating niche acquisitions efficiently. Investors who back these stocks will gain direct exposure to tangibly improving businesses.

For investors who prefer to delegate the stockpicking, Rockwood Strategic is the ideal vehicle. It has a long record of active engagement by the board and offers instant diversification across a concentrated basket of deeply undervalued turnaround plays.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

The Caprons, Lewes, East Sussex

This Grade II-listed Georgian house in the centre of Lewes was once home to historian Asa Briggs, who was also a Bletchley Park code breaker. The garden includes a Grade-II listed, octagonal summer house. 5 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 3 reception rooms, kitchen, cellars, roof terrace, walled garden.

Price: £2.1m Jackson-Stops 01444-484400

Broomshields Hall, Satley, Bishop Auckland, County Durham

A Grade II-listed Georgian house with gardens that include a one-bedroom cottage, two summer houses and a lake. The house has a carved oak staircase and a large kitchen with an Aga. 4 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 3 reception rooms, library, 18 acres.

Price: £1.75m Finest Properties 0330-111 2266

The Manor House, Great Harrowden, Northamptonshire

A Grade II-listed manor house in a popular village, set in south-facing gardens with a kitchen garden with a greenhouse and a circular summer house with sofas and a fridge for wine. The house has beamed ceilings, panelled walls and period fireplaces. 6 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 3 reception rooms, breakfast kitchen, attic, pond, 0.8 acres.

Price: £1.15m Fine & Country 01604-309030

The Court, Axbridge, Somerset

A Grade II-listed Georgian house in Axbridge with views towards Glastonbury Tor. The house is set in gardens that include a summer house and an area dedicated to archery. It has flagstone and oak floors, period fireplaces and an indoor swimming pool with a gym. 7 bedrooms, 5 bathrooms, 3 reception rooms, breakfast kitchen, garden room, cinema, courtyard, parking, walled gardens, kitchen garden, 1.15 acres.

Price: £2.395m House & Heritage 01257-441990

Orchard Cottage, Wood End, Ardeley, Hertfordshire

A Grade II-listed, 17th-century house comprising three original cottages, with a summer house with a wood-burning stove and Wi-Fi. The house has exposed wall and ceiling timbers and inglenook fireplaces. 4 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, reception room, gardens, 0.75 acres.

Price: £1.15m Fine & Country 01920-443898

Polwarth Terrace, Merchiston, Edinburgh

A duplex apartment on the first floor of a period property in the sought-after area of Merchiston. The flat retains its period fireplaces and has a dining room with French doors opening onto a balcony and a spiral staircase leading to a garden with a summer house. 6 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms, reception room, office/bedroom 7, dining kitchen, garage, summer house, parking.

Price: £985,000+ Savills 0131-247 3770

Moreves Manor, Great Waldingfield, Sudbury, Suffolk

A Grade II-listed, 17th-century house set in large gardens that include a wildlife pond and a summer house complete with a shower, sauna and wood-burning stove. The house has exposed wall and ceiling timbers and a breakfast kitchen with an Aga. 6 bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, 2 reception rooms, office, garden room, outdoor swimming pool, 1.58 acres.

Price: £950,000+ Strutt & Parker 01473-220444

Heamoor, Penzance, Cornwall

A renovated, Grade II-listed Cornish long house set in landscaped gardens with a tree house, an orangery overlooking the kitchen garden and a summer house that is used as a pottery studio. The house has Georgian sash windows, open fireplaces and a newly fitted kitchen with French doors leading onto the gardens. 4 bedrooms, 4 bathrooms, 3 reception rooms, study, utility with en-suite shower, workshop, paddock, stable block, 2.5acres.

Price: £1.2m Savills 01872-243 200

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

Stepping away from a professional boxing career just a few years after winning gold at the Commonwealth Games might seem a strange decision for some – but not Delicious Orie.

Orie, who retired from the sport last May, has now embarked on a career in the financial world, which offers him something boxing couldn’t – fulfilment.

Orie spoke to MoneyWeek on the latest episode of the MoneyWeek Talks podcast, which can be viewed on YouTube and most podcast platforms.

He said: “I was no longer fulfilled in the sport of boxing. I signed a very good professional contract, and I was going to earn good money, money that I know I’ll probably never earn again. And I didn’t feel anything.”

Instead, Orie, now based in the West Midlands, is training to be a financial planner and help people reach their financial goals. Ultimately, the decision to make the switch was all about making peoples’ lives better.

Orie says: “One of the things I absolutely loved about boxing was the capability of me to be able to travel the world and speak to so many different types of people and understand people’s culture, appreciate the way they perceive life.

“So I thought, 'Right, as an investment manager, is that something that I’ll be able to get?' Because I value that so much…with the very limited research I did, over time I found out that investment management might not be that thing I’m looking for.

“So [I did] a little bit more research and I came across financial advice where you’re able to have that connection to the investment management world, but at the same time have that connection to people and enrich peoples’ lives, financially. So I thought, 'Right, that’s what I’m going to do’."

How boxing and early childhood experience has shaped his financial career

Despite leaving the sport, boxing nurtured plenty of skills in Orie that transfer to the financial world – namely discipline, drive and "obsession".

It was this drive that prompted his decision to complete his initial financial planning exams in five months, a process which can take up to two years for some.

He says: "When I stopped boxing, I thought, 'Right, let me just take it easy'. Since I was 18, I was constantly pushing myself and my body to the next level. I was addicted to it.

“When I stopped boxing, I was like, 'Right let me be present', only to realise that probably about two months after I stopped boxing, I cannot do normal things…I have to consistently push myself to a point where it feels a little overwhelming.”

His early childhood helped pique his interest in financial literacy too.

Describing himself as a business “nerd” growing up, he adds: “I loved business at the time…I’m not talking business in the sense of making money, more in a sense of understanding the inner workings of business and why business and trade happens."

He adds: “I think it stemmed from, as a child, as a family, we didn’t have much, and you sort of question that as a kid.

“You think to yourself, 'Why is that my mum would work 50-hour weeks, 60-hour weeks, and I could barely afford lunch?’”

Why financial literacy gives you ‘control’ over your life

Although he walked away from a lucrative career in boxing, Orie’s biggest regret isn’t hanging up his gloves.

He says: “People were saying, ‘You’ve walked away from potentially multi-millions of pounds’, and I could look them in the eye and say ‘yeah’, and genuinely feel so clean within me.

“Like, ‘Yeah I know I did’, so do I regret boxing? No. What do I regret? I would say investing. Not investing early enough.”

He adds: “If there’s one message I can give and send to the younger generation, [it’s] open up a junior ISA or something. Just do the most random job, do some pot washing, open up a bank account, under your parents or whatever, just put some money in…£10 a week, £20 a week. I promise you, it will pay dividends, huge dividends when you’re 30, 35 years old.”

That’s not the only piece of wisdom he has for the younger generation either. Orie is passionate about spreading the message that financial literacy gives you agency over your life.

“I say this to the younger generation – a pound of debt that you get into is a piece of your future that somebody controls…if you are not in control of money, money will control you,” he says.

“And this [applies] from somebody who’s a high net-worther to somebody who is just about scraping by, it doesn’t matter where you are on that spectrum.”

About the podcast

MoneyWeek Talks is a podcast that helps you unlock the secrets to financial success. Editors Kalpana Fitzpatrick and Andrew van Sickle are joined by influential guests – from CEOs and entrepreneurs to economists and policymakers – to share their top tips on managing money, investing wisely and building wealth.

Subscribe to the MoneyWeek Talks podcast and get ready to make it, keep it and spend it with confidence.

Younger people should be given the choice to take a year of their state pension early in exchange for working longer, a think tank has said, in a report that takes aim at intergenerational wealth unfairness.

The so-called ‘Citizens Advance’ would give people a choice – receive a lump sum now in exchange for postponing the point at which they start receiving their state pension.

Only those who had built up 10 years’ worth of National Insurance contributions would be eligible.

At the current full new state pension rate for a year, those using such a scheme could be given up to £12,547 decades before state pension age.

The proposal, put forward by think tank the Social Market Foundation and Andrew Lewin, the Labour MP for Welwyn Hatfield, highlights how family wealth levels can “alter the course of people’s lives”.

While only a third of adults expect to benefit from an inheritance, those who do will share in some estimated £5.5 trillion expected to be passed down by Baby Boomers in the “Great Wealth Transfer”.

“As the Great Wealth Transfer takes place, the sense of injustice around wealth inequality may only therefore increase without government action. Something has to give,” said the report’s authors.

Rachel Vahey, head of public policy at AJ Bell, said: “The obvious potential benefit to this particular proposal is it could deliver a much-needed cash boost at a time many people really need it, particularly if they’re trying to repay debt or save for a deposit on a first home.

“The downside is that in doing so they would have one year less of state pension income to rely on in later life.”

We look at how much you need for a comfortable retirement in a separate article.

Early state pension lump sum

Support for the policy suggestion was, perhaps unsurprisingly, strong among 25 to 40-year-olds, who might expect to be the key beneficiaries, according to the report, which surveyed 2,000 adults, did AI-led qualitative interviews with 300 respondents and carried out three focus groups.

Most in the 25 to 40 year old age group were in favour of a Citizens Advance, irrespective of whether they would take it, with 54% positive versus just 6% negative. The rest were ‘neutral’ on the idea.

A majority of this age group said they would take such an advance if it was offered, ranging from 50% to 70% depending on the value of the lump sum, length of state pension given up and restrictions on how it can be spent.

The SMF report suggested an early cash advance lump sum could help revive home ownership dreams among the young – with more than two-thirds of 18 to 40-year-old non-homeowners currently of the view property ownership is a dead idea for their generation.

But the report also finds over-indebtedness is increasingly widespread, and a lack of wealth is holding people back from starting a business or family – debt repayment was the most popular intended use of a Citizens Advance, chosen by 18% of respondents to an SMF survey.

People asked in the SMF survey also described the value of the policy in emotional terms, not just financial, calling it “empowering” and allowing them to take matters into their own hands.

What would an early state pension lump sum cost?

A policy to give a year of state pension early could be delivered for £1.3 billion in year one, depending on how eligibility is set, according to the SMF report.

The size of the lump sum, whether it is taxed, who is eligible and how it is rolled out could all affect how much the policy might cost.

An untaxed £12,500 Citizens Advance would cost an estimated £1.3 billion in its first year if it was only made available to those reaching 10 years of National Insurance credits and born from 1998 onwards – i.e. those turning 28 this year.

If it were implemented, only those who went straight into work would be able to claim the lump sum in year one of the policy, with others in the 1998 cohort becoming eligible in the following years depending on their post-18 educational pathways.

Modelling by the SMF suggests costs would grow towards £7 billion as all groups and younger cohorts become eligible and take the Citizen’s Advance over subsequent years, after which costs would increase in line with the state pension.

Costs would be higher, at least in the first few years, if the policy was made available to multiple age cohorts at once. It would take an estimated £27 billion in year one to offer the lump sum to 28 to 35-year-olds, for example, or over £45 billion for those up to 40.

Tax on proposed state pension lump sum

Annual costs are estimated to fall towards £8 billion a year over time as take-up becomes driven by those becoming newly eligible, according to the report.

Making the lump sum taxable would cut costs by a third, as would restricting it to people

earning under the higher income rate (£50,271). Limiting its uses, such as to housing only, is another way of bringing the upfront costs down.

Vahey from AJ Bell said: “A proposal along these lines would present cashflow challenges for the Exchequer, as it would need to pay the money out on demand to anyone who qualifies, whereas at the moment state pension entitlement only kicks in at state pension age.

“Even if early access was offered on the most conservative basis, this would amount to a rise in today’s government spending which would only be offset in decades, potentially creating pressure on the public finances at a time when they are already stretched to breaking point.”

Santander has launched a new rewards credit card, offering a competitive 3% cashback offer on a range of everyday spending.

Customers can get the cashback by using the card on everyday travel, eating out, and takeaway spending for the first 12 months.

There’s no annual fee and no cap on the amount of cashback you can earn, making it a more attractive deal than some others on the market.

As well as the 3% cashback rate on the above purchases, users can earn 0.25% cashback on all other spending indefinitely.

In your second year after getting the card, the cashback rate on travel, eating out and takeaway spending falls to 0.25%.

The Santander Rewards credit card has a representative 24.9% APR (variable).

Jessica Sheldon, MoneyWeek's deputy digital editor, said: "Cashback can be a helpful reward if you were going to spend the money anyway, but with any credit card, always make sure you can pay off the statement balance in full by the due date."

How does Santander’s Rewards credit card compare to other cards?

Santander’s deal is directly competing with other popular cashback credit cards, like those from Chase, which offers 2% cashback up to £20 a month on certain expenditure,

While Santander’s cashback offer is competitive, it may not make sense for everyone.

The 3% rate is very generous, but remember that you only get this rate on two categories of spending in the first year and get the lower 0.25% on everything else.

That means you may earn more money by using cards paying lower rates of cashback.

The Lloyds Ultra card pays 1% cashback on all spending via the card for the first year.

For example, if you spend a total of £1,300 a month (assuming £100 on takeaways, £200 on travel, and £1,000 on everything else), you can expect £13 cashback with Lloyds. With Santander’s Rewards credit card, you’d get £11.50 back.

However, if you adjust the amount spent on these categories, the cashback available via the Santander card may rise.

For instance, if you spent £300 on travel, £200 on takeaways, and just £800 on everything else, the Lloyds Ultra card would pay £13 of cashback, but you’d get £17 with the Santander Rewards credit card.

Before you apply for a credit card with Santander, it is a good idea to look at which categories you spend the most on and work out if your travel and eating expenses are high enough to justify getting the card, or whether you may be better off with a different card.

Santander Rewards credit card: What can you get cashback on?

The Santander Rewards credit card pays 0.25% cashback on all spending for the first 24 months, but you can get a higher 3% rate on certain everyday travel and spending on eating out and takeaways for the first year.

The travel category includes things like buying petrol, diesel, or charging your electric vehicle. It also extends to public transport fares on trains, buses, and the London transport system, as well as taxi spending.

Meanwhile, the eating out and takeaway category includes spending at restaurants, coffee shops, and food delivered to you. Cashback earned is paid monthly.

On top of the cashback, the Rewards credit card can be used abroad without incurring any additional foreign exchange fees.

Unlike some other credit cards that offer cashback, there is no fee for the Santander card.

Who can open a Santander Rewards credit card?

To be eligible for the credit card, you must be a permanent resident of the UK and be over the age of 18.

You must also have a guaranteed annual income of £10,500 or more and have a good credit record. Acceptance for the account is subject to a credit check by Santander, which will determine whether you can be accepted and the maximum credit limit they can offer you.

You can only have one Santander Rewards credit card.

Is the Santander Rewards credit card worth it?

While the 3% cashback rate looks generous, few people will be able to get a truly significant cashback just from spending on travel, eating out and takeaways.

For example, if you commute to work every day and it costs around £10 per day, you will spend around £200 a month on travel. With the Santander card, you will receive 3% of this as cashback, which is just £6.

If you spend an extra £100 on eating out and/or takeaways a month, this will add an extra £3.

If you spend around £1,000 a month on everything else, you will receive 0.25% of this as cashback, or around £2.50.

Together, that means you will receive £11.50 a month in cashback. Assuming that your spending stays the same for a year, you can expect to receive around £138 for the period.

Whether or not this amount is enough to justify setting up a new credit card or shifting where you spend your money depends on your personal circumstances and the current perks you get from your accounts right now.

We compare the best cards for flight points and airline rewards in a separate article.

Planned changes to the mortgage market could make it easier for older homeowners to access tens of thousands of pounds of wealth built up in their property.

The Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) wants to update affordability guidance for retirement interest-only mortgages, as part of a consultation into the wider home borrowing market launched today (9 June).

Rising house prices mean older borrowers collectively have billions of pounds of housing wealth locked up in their homes. But many are reluctant to move. Retirement interest-only mortgages can offer a solution.

To help older borrowers access some of this housing wealth, the regulator is proposing to make changes that would mean affordability for joint retirement interest-only mortgage applications are assessed in the same way as for standard joint mortgages.

In practice this would mean lenders would not be obliged to always consider a sole borrower’s ability to afford the mortgage if the joint borrower passes away.

By removing this rule, lenders would be able to more flexibly determine – based on

their risk appetite and in line with mortgages conduct and consumer protection rules – how to assess whether the surviving spouse or civil partner could still afford the required payments or what their exit strategy may be.

David Geale, executive director for payments and digital finance at the FCA, said: “We’re living longer and how many people work has changed. Our mortgage rules need to keep pace so those who can afford to repay can borrow.

“Stronger protections mean we can now safely widen access to mortgage borrowing for those that may be underserved.”

What are retirement interest-only mortgages?

Retirement interest-only mortgages (RIOs) are designed for borrowers over 50 or 55. You only pay the interest each month, and the loan is only repaid when you pass away, move into long-term care, or sell your property.

RIO mortgages can help older homeowners because it can get harder to get a new mortgage as you get closer to retirement. A RIO lets you mortgage your home in later life or provides an alternative to equity release.

We compare equity release versus downsizing in a separate article.

How does a retirement interest-only mortgage work?

A retirement interest-only mortgage is similar to a lifetime mortgage where the loan is usually only paid off when you sell the house, die or move into long-term care.

But retirement interest-only mortgages have different risks compared to lifetime mortgages. In particular, they do not feature the roll-up of interest, meaning homeowners don’t run the risk of the equity in their home being eroded – allowing them to leave more to their loved ones in the form of an inheritance.

Retirement interest-only mortgages require a borrower to manage the ongoing monthly payments, whereas a lifetime mortgage does not require monthly payments.

Demand for retirement interest-only mortgages

FCA data showed there is demand for mortgage products among older homeowners. Yet sales of retirement interest-only mortgages remain low compared with lifetime

mortgages – 3,002 RIOs versus 26,974 lifetime mortgages in 2025, according to FCA figures.

Firms have told the regulator, including in responses to its discussion paper, that the availability of retirement interest-only mortgages are constrained due to its current guidance being too restrictive.

Richard Pinch, head of banking and credit advisory at financial services consultancy Broadstone, said: “The FCA’s proposals represent a sensible evolution of the mortgage market, recognising that traditional affordability assessments do not always reflect the realities of modern working patterns, income streams and borrowing needs.

“The regulator is seeking to give lenders greater flexibility through affordability assessments that better reflect real borrower behaviour and lifetime earnings patterns. The proposals could be particularly beneficial for groups that have historically found it more difficult to access mortgage finance, including the self-employed, those with variable income and older borrowers.”

Mortgage help for self-employed

The FCA is also seeking to do more to help self-employed people get mortgages. The self-employed have typically struggled to get home loans due to often having inconsistent income, making lenders more reluctant to lend to them, seeing them as more risky.

FCA product sales data from 2025 shows around 6% of mortgage sales included at least one borrower whose employment status was recorded as “self-employed” at application. This compares to around 13% of the workforce who are self-employed, including around 1-2% who are independent contractors or locums.

Proposals include reducing barriers for lenders to offer flexible repayments for people with variable income, like the self-employed, and lend to those paid in foreign currency.

The FCA is also encouraging lenders to assess affordability based on a person’s “full and current situation”, rather than automatically excluding people because of minor or past credit history issues.

Sarah Coles, head of personal finance at AJ Bell, said: “Developing products to better suit people’s lives makes perfect sense. Self-employed people with lumpy incomes have been forced to contort their finances into paying the same sums each month under existing rules.

“A change could allow them to access products that are flexible enough to fit around their lives and their needs instead.”

HMRC is increasingly hitting bereaved families with penalties for filing inheritance tax returns late as they struggle with long, complicated forms, according to data from a Freedom of Information request.

The number of penalties issued by HMRC for filing inheritance tax (IHT) returns late increased 35% from 3,850 to 5,200 over the last five years, data up to the tax year 2024/25 obtained by TWM Solicitors showed.

Fines for late filing rapidly increase over time, from an initial £100 to up to £3,000 after 12 months.

Many families with modest estates have been drawn into paying IHT in recent years, largely because the IHT threshold has remained frozen since 2009. Even an average house can now trigger an IHT bill on its own.

But Duncan Mitchell-Innes, partner and deputy head of private client at TWM, said the increase in late penalties is also being driven by more families attempting to complete IHT returns themselves, without realising the complexity involved.

“People often underestimate the complexity of the UK’s IHT rules. What seems like a straightforward task can quickly become time-consuming and technically challenging, particularly when HMRC requires extensive supporting evidence. This can lead to penalties if deadlines are missed,” he said.

Complex IHT forms

The basic IHT400 form alone has 122 questions, often requiring detailed financial and historical information.

This is the main form families will need to fill in for inheritance tax purposes. But in many cases, it must be supplemented by additional schedules – requests for information – of which there are more than 30, depending on the nature of the estate.

One of the most time-consuming parts of an IHT return, according to lawyers, relates to the valuation of assets. Many assets, such as residential property, need to be valued professionally – market estimates are not enough.

In addition, some assets, such as shares, have specific ways of being valued for IHT purposes. Getting these valuations completed on the correct technical bases can be time consuming without prior technical knowledge.

Delays can also arise where executors struggle to identify all the relevant details needed for the IHT400. This can include tracing all bank accounts, investments and historical gifts, which sometimes go back many years – for instance due to the seven year rule. Many banks only provide this information by post.

Missing out on inheritance tax reliefs

Mitchell-Innes said it can be hard for people handling their loved one’s IHT return on their own to identify all the relevant technical reliefs and exemptions that may apply, together with gathering the evidence to support them.

For example, gifts made out of surplus income or more than seven years before death may be exempt, but finding evidence to support that exemption can take time.

Some families handling their own return even lose out on reliefs and exemptions available to them simply because they do not know they exist.

“Reliefs aren’t applied automatically. People must actively claim reliefs and exemptions and find the evidence to support them where needed, which can be time-consuming. Without proper advice, families risk penalties and leaving valuable reliefs unclaimed,” said Mitchell-Innes.

The number of penalties for late filing of inheritance tax returns is likely to increase further after unused pension pots are brought into the IHT net from April 2027, leading to more families having to submit a return.

The development is expected to increase the demands on personal representatives – those in charge of administering the estate left behind after a death – to get the pension IHT paperwork right, or face potential fines themselves.

The latest government data on business rate appeals contains good news and bad news. On the downside, there has been a surge in the number of businesses launching cases: almost 130,000 business owners began the process during the first three months of the year, five times more than in the fourth quarter of 2025; that will probably lead to delays in processing claims. More positively, the data also shows that 57% of firms challenging their business rates bills eventually secured a reduction; in other words, your chances of winning are pretty good.

The statistics, published by the Valuation Office Agency (VOA) at the end of May, underline the importance of checking your business rates assessment quickly. New assessments of the rateable value of more than two million business properties in England and Wales came into force on 1 April; this rateable value, based on the VOA's estimate of the commercial rent potentially chargeable on each property, is what determines your business rates bill.

It's now too late to appeal business rates set following the previous VOA revaluation, which took place in 2023; the deadline was 31 March, which is part of the reason for the spike in claims in the first quarter. But you can challenge the rateable value that came into force in April. If you can show the VOA is overestimating how much rent your business property could secure – either what you are paying to rent it, or if you own the property how much you could rent it out for – you could get a reduction.

Check, challenge and appeal your business rates

Such cases involve three stages. Step one is known as a “Check”. Effectively, you're just asking the VOA to confirm the factual details it holds about your property, so you can check you're not being overcharged because of inaccurate data. Relatively few Checks result in a reduction, so most businesses then move on to stage two, known as “Challenge”.

Following a Check, you have four months to submit a Challenge. This is your opportunity to present evidence suggesting your rateable value has been wrongly estimated. That could include, for example, details of the open-market rent agreed on the property, or details of other leases on similar properties nearby. Alternatively, there may have been a material change to your property – you're using it for a different purpose, say, or there have been developments in the area that could affect its value.

Cases that don't succeed at the Challenge stage can be appealed at the independent Valuation Tribunal Service. There's a fee of up to £300 to launch an Appeal – stage three of the process – and you must file your claim within four months of receiving the Challenge decision. You'll get your fee back if you win.

In theory, you can handle each stage of a business rates case yourself, but many businesses appoint a professional agent to manage the process on your behalf – particularly if they proceed to Appeal. Agents can give you advice on whether it's worth bringing your case and handle the work for you, using their experience to maximise your chances of success.

Make sure you appoint a reputable agent. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors can provide details of firms that abide by their professional standards and code of best practice.

Finally, it's important to note these processes can result in your business rates bill rising rather than falling. This is relatively unusual, but certainly not unheard of. Make sure you're not presenting evidence that gives the VOA reason to think it has underestimated your rateable value.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

Zhou Qunfei sparked curiosity as the “mystery woman” placed between two of the US's most powerful technology chieftains, Elon Musk and Tim Cook, during the Chinese state banquet for Donald Trump last month. “Placement” is critical, says Struan Stevenson in his book The Course of History: Ten Meals That Changed the World. And Zhou Qunfei’s placement was a fine example of “dining diplomacy”, which can shape global political and economic outcomes – for better or worse.

Zhou Qunfei is the little-known (in the West) founder of Lens Technology, a leading touchscreen supplier and one of the richest self-made women in the world, says the South China Morning Post. The decision to put her next to two of her most important clients certainly created an opportunity to bend their ears. But from the point of view of Beijing's image shapers, it was also a powerful reminder to American plutocrats that the Chinese Dream is as potent as their own. Within the country, Zhou is held up as an inspirational figure who “rose from humble beginnings” by dint of hard work, resilience and talent, to take her place among China's foremost industrialists. For millions of Chinese migrant workers, she's viewed as the archetypal role model. Forbes puts her current wealth at around $20 billion.

The “touchscreen queen” began life “in utter destitution”. Born in 1970, in a village near the city of Xiangxiang in Hunan province, her mother died when she was five and her father was severely maimed in an industrial accident. Her days were spent planting vegetables, raising pigs and collecting plastic waste to earn money. “I had to constantly think about where my next meal would come from,” she told CNBC. Zhou Qunfei's “hunger years” provided “a foundation of grit”, says Jing Daily. At 15, she set out on the long journey to Shenzhen, initially finding work as a security guard before joining the assembly line of a factory producing glass for watches. She attended night classes in accounting, computing, Cantonese and screen printing and even obtained a licence for driving large vehicles.

Zhou Qunfei's “sharp problem-solving skills” and drive rapidly saw her promoted. But at 23, she took the leap into setting up her own business with relatives, operating out of a three-bedroom flat. They began with silk-screen printing before reverting to manufacturing glass for watches. When mobile phones began proliferating in the early 2000s, Zhou retooled the business, eventually securing orders from Motorola, HTC, Nokia and Samsung. A pivotal moment came in 2007 when Lens Technology became a supplier for Apple's first-generation iPhone touchscreens, says Tatler Asia. The contract catapulted the company “into a dominant position in China's tech manufacturing” sector and made her a billionaire. In 2015, when Lens Technology went public on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange, Zhou rose to national prominence. Lucrative new contracts with carmakers such as BYD, Tesla and BMW followed.

How Zhou Qunfei bounced back from a $6.8 billion loss

Donald Trump nearly proved her undoing, noted Bloomberg in 2018. Zhou Qunfei lost 66% of her fortune, or $6.8 billion, when the US/China trade war erupted, prompting a sell-off of Apple's suppliers. But as the decade turned, Lens bounced back. Last year, Zhou's wealth rose a further 75% when Lens pulled off a dual-listing in Hong Kong. But Zhou Qunfei is still most at home pacing the factory floor, says Tatler. “She'll dip her hands into a tray of water to check if the temperature is just right” and “can explain the intricacies of heating glass in a potassium ion bath”. She has the same intense – often obsessive – interest in operational detail as Elon Musk and, like him, is famous for sleeping on site to troubleshoot. Doubtless, they had much to discuss over their pan-fried pork buns.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.

You pay capital gains tax when you make a capital gain over a certain allowance. However, these allowances have changed in the last few years, meaning more people are being brought into the net.

That makes it all the more important to know how the tax works, and when you need to pay it. Test your knowledge in our quiz below.

How well did you do in our capital gains tax quiz? Share your results on social media.

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• 10 ways to cut your capital gains tax bill
• Crypto investors sent 100,000 capital gains tax warning letters – do you need to pay tax?
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The government is considering plans to hit non-UK resident property owners with an extra "mansion tax" charge in a bid to raise more cash.

A consultation launched by HM Treasury explores the possibility of applying a “non-resident premium” on top of the High Value Council Tax Surcharge (HVCTS), also known as the “mansion tax”.

The consultation says: “In high‑pressure housing markets, particularly in areas such as London, there is interest in understanding whether demand from non‑UK resident owners may be contributing to pressures on housing availability and prices.”

The extra non-resident surcharge is just being considered and will not necessarily come into effect. The government’s consultation closes on 14 July.

An HM Treasury spokesperson said: “The government is inviting views on whether there could be a case for a non-resident premium, as part of a wider consultation which seeks to address a longstanding council tax unfairness in this country.

“We welcome views from all interested parties, including on whether demand from non-resident owners may be contributing to housing pressures.”

What is the mansion tax and how would a non-resident premium be applied?

The HVCTS will take effect from April 2028 and apply to homes in England worth £2 million or more. The charge will be owed once per tax year.

The chancellor has claimed the surcharge will make the council tax system fairer.

The Valuation Office (VO), which is part of HMRC, is set to carry out a valuing exercise to assess which homes the surcharge will apply to.

Homes valued at £2 million or more but less than £2.5 million will be charged £2,500.

Properties worth £2.5 million or more, but less than £3.5 million will need to pay £3,500. Homes worth between £3.5 million and £5 million will need to pay £5,000. Properties worth £5 million or more face a £7,500 surcharge.

These charges are set to be increased each year in line with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation. Revaluations will be conducted by the VO every five years.

When it comes to the non-resident premium, there is no further detail in the government’s consultation on how the extra levy would be applied if it did come into force.

What could the effect of the premium be?

Marc Acheson, global wealth specialist at pensions and life insurance firm Utmost, said: “This latest proposal is likely to raise far less revenue than envisaged as more people will consider selling London properties, putting further downward pressure on valuations at the top end of the housing market.

“More broadly, it risks further damaging the UK’s reputation as a destination for wealth and accelerating the ongoing exodus of wealthy international individuals that began in earnest following the abolition of the non-dom regime at the Autumn 2024 Budget.

“The economy cannot afford to lose these individuals, who are the largest contributors to the tax base, and once this cohort leaves it is very hard to replace them.”

Sian Armitage, tax director at tax advisor Mark Davies and Associates, said the premium could push non-resident property owners weighing up a sale into putting their property on the market.

“For those that are undecided, they may treat this as yet another reason to sell, or consider this as an indication of things to come,” Armitage said.

However, Armitage added that because the levy would be applied to non-residents “it does imply that those individuals are not spending significant time in the UK in any case, so I don’t envisage this policy alone as having a negative impact”.

Meanwhile, Peter Ferrigno, director of tax services at consultancy Henley and Partners, said making the HVCTS slightly higher for non-UK residents would be an “inconvenience”, but it was unlikely the introduction of such a premium on its own would be enough to make wealthy individuals sell up.

But, he said the bigger issue is they could leave when also considering “many other changes, and an indication that there will still be more demands for a bit here, a bit there, a bit more after that, and then...who knows what's next”.

What is a non-UK resident?

Non-UK residents pay tax on their UK income, but not on their foreign income. In contrast, a UK resident would typically pay UK tax on income from both sources.

You are generally classed as a non-UK resident if you spend fewer than 16 days in the UK each tax year or work abroad full-time and spend fewer than 91 days in the UK each tax year and no more than 30 of those days are spent working.

The statutory residence test (SRT) determines whether you are resident in the UK under UK domestic tax law for tax years 2013/14 onwards. You can find out more on gov.uk.

Almost three million people could cut back on pension saving as a result of the impending salary sacrifice clampdown, the government’s own data suggests.

Chancellor Rachel Reeves used her 2025 Autumn Budget to announce a £2,000 cap on the amount workers and their bosses can add into pensions via salary sacrifice before being hit with National Insurance (NI) charges.

The changes will come in from April 2029 and are expected to raise £4.8 billion for the Treasury in 2029/2030 and £2.5 billion in 2030/2031.

But while this may be good for the nation’s finances, it could be a blow for people’s own pension savings.

Research by former pensions minister Steve Webb, now a partner at consultancy LCP, found the government’s own estimates suggest more than 2.8 million workers are expected to cut back on pension saving as a result of the changes.

It comes despite the government-backed Pensions Commission recently warning that people aren’t saving enough for their retirement.

The impact of pension salary sacrifice changes

Salary sacrifice has long-been a popular way for employees to make pension contributions.

Money is added into an employee’s pension pot from their gross pay, adjusting their net income. This also reduces the payroll taxes paid by an employee and employer.

But government guidance shows the cost of the relief has increased markedly, from £2.8 billion in forgone National Insurance contributions in tax year 2016/2017, rising to £5.8 billion in 2023/2024.

Without any change, it is expected that this would almost triple to £8 billion by 2030/2031.

Capping the relief will save the government money.

HMRC has previously disclosed that an estimated 7.7 million employees currently use salary sacrifice to make pension contributions.

Of these, 3.3 million sacrifice more than £2,000 of salary or bonuses.

The Office for Budget Responsibility has already warned that a consequence of the policy could be a reduction in contributions.

A Freedom of Information (FOI) request to HMRC by Webb has revealed the extent of this.

The FOI asked for the government’s assessment of the number of employees that are assumed to cut their contributions in 2029/30.

HMRC said it expects more than 2.8 million workers to reduce their contributions.

This is broken down as 2.2 million earning above the £50,270 upper earnings limit, while 666,000 will generally be basic rate taxpayers.

Webb said: “The government has presented the changes to salary sacrifice for pensions as being a relatively painless way of cracking down on a tax break mostly enjoyed by the well off.

“But these figures show that the effects of the policy will be far more damaging than had previously been admitted.”

He suggests it is hardly ‘joined-up government’ to be stressing the need for more pension saving one day through the Pensions Commission and then implementing a policy that will reduce the pension savings of millions the next.

Webb added: “At a time when the government is running a major Commission to tackle the issue of pension under-saving, it is shocking that a separate government policy will result in more than 2.8 million workers cutting back on pension saving.”

A Treasury spokesperson said: “High earners piled in huge bonuses through salary sacrifice without paying a penny in tax – a taxpayer funded perk largely benefitting the better off.

“Our fair reforms protect 95% of workers earning under £30,000 using salary sacrifice, and as IFS analysis shows, over three quarters of under 30s will be unaffected.”

Is retirement something you know you should think about but – like the 15 million identified by the Pensions Commission – are vastly underprepared for?

Research by Standard Life shows that many retirees believe modern retirement lasts longer, costs more and is harder to navigate than expected.

There’s a lot of focus on saving into a pension during working life but less attention on what to do with the savings once you get there. The insurance company found that around 30% of private pension pots are accessed at the earliest possible opportunity, with around half withdrawn in full. Nearly half of this money is spent on large expenses such as cars, holidays or home improvements, raising concerns that some people may be drawing on retirement savings too quickly without fully considering their longer-term needs.

Add to that the fact that less than 9% of Brits have a financial adviser, meaning many of you are likely fending for yourselves. Standard Life’s research found 17% of retirees underestimated how much money they’d need in retirement, while 16% admit they had not expected retirement to last as long as it has.

To counter these feelings of regret – or rather, feeling the acute benefit of hindsight – it’s sensible to plan earlier.

We asked two Chartered financial planners about some of the key questions to ask yourself when planning for retirement.

1. What does retirement actually mean to you?

Retirement once upon a time used to be a drastic, immediate change in status from ‘working’, to ‘not working’. Huge numbers of the population had worked one, maybe two, jobs their whole life. They typically retired at a predetermined age. It could take some getting used to.

Today, it can be a more gradual transition, inviting questions such as whether you want to stop work altogether or reduce hours, or what an ideal week would look like if you took phased retirement.

What are your objectives? Often plans involve more travel, house or garden renovations and finding ways to spend all that newfound free time. It’s also important to think further ahead; about security, flexibility or any legacy planning.

Estimates range from outgoings in retirement being 60%-80% of outgoings during working life but Roger Clarke, Chartered financial planner at The Private Office (TPO), said to beware blunt calculations.

“Many of these estimates can be quite crude. You may no longer have to buy a season ticket, expensive sandwiches or suits for work, but for some their expenditure will increase because they think, ‘right, I've retired, now I want to do all the travelling I've ever wanted and buy myself a nice car’.”

2. Do you know where your retirement assets are, where they’re invested and how to access them?

This is about taking stock – and doing so early.

First, think about your state pension entitlement. Megan Rimmer, Chartered financial planner at Quilter Cheviot Financial Planning, said a couple’s combined entitlement could exceed £25,000 a year, significantly covering many basic expenses. But she warned to check early whether you’re on track for full entitlement, as some people – more likely women – may not have the full qualifying years. In these cases, if you’re still working you can pay NIC3s or make additional voluntary contributions (AVCs) to make up any shortfall.

Possibly the more laborious task is taking stock of any personal or workplace pensions. According to LV, the average British worker changes jobs every five years and will have between nine and 12 jobs during their lifetime.

This means keeping on top of admin will be ever more important. Do you have final salary scheme pensions (defined benefit, or DB) or defined contributions (DC)? Where are your personal pensions?

Rimmer said: “The first thing I’d do is identify the assets that I have, where are my pensions, and what are they invested in? So many people have got pots here, there and everywhere, and they don’t know what their value is or what they’re invested in.

“They also don’t always know how they can take those benefits. A modern pension scheme typically offers full flexibility – you can draw a flexible income or purchase a guaranteed income, or annuity – but some older pension schemes don’t offer that, which is important to know.”

Describing final salary schemes as like “gold dust”, Clarke added: “It’s important to not lose track of those, because you know they can easily disappear into the ether if you’re not careful.”

Your scheme administrator should keep you informed, so if you’ve not heard from them for a while, it’s probably worth getting in touch.

Around 3.3 million pots are estimated lost, worth a combined £31.1 billion, with failure to update contact details among the top reasons. The government offers a pensions tracing service, which might be a useful resource if you think you have an outstanding pension from a previous job that you’ve lost track of.

3. Will you be able to afford the lifestyle you want in retirement?

This is where budgeting is crucial if you want to maintain a similar lifestyle.

Rimmer said to categorise expenditure into three headings: basic, discretionary and holidays. Basic covers all the essentials: household bills, mortgage and food. Discretionary is the fun stuff: clothes, eating out and leisure activities. She advises mapping out holidays separately, covering big annual spend and smaller weekends throughout the year.

Clarke said at TPO they refer to the ‘smile’ model of retirement expenditure, with more discretionary spend in the early years of retirement, which then tails off slightly before potentially picking up again if long-term care costs become necessary.

It’s important to ask not ‘how big is my pension pot?’, but ‘what level of income will support the life I want?’

Using a cashflow planning tool, ideally five to seven years out from retirement age, can help model various scenarios and identify any potential shortfalls.

4. Are all your savings and investment pots structured in their most tax-efficient way?

Pension contributions are one of the most tax-advantageous investment tools you can currently make. This is especially true for higher-rate taxpayers, company directors and limited company owners.

The Pensions Commission report, out earlier this month, revealed that just 4% of self-employed people were saving for retirement.

While pensions can make more of long-term growth and tax relief, the flexibility and tax-free access of ISAs are their main plus points.

“Pension contributions are particularly attractive if you’re a higher-rate taxpayer because most people, whether they’ve got a personal or a workplace pension plan, they’re paying in and getting relief at the higher rate.

“But then when they retire, in most cases they’ll go from being a higher-rate taxpayer to a basic-rate taxpayer,” Clarke said.

For business owners, he believed there’s no more tax-efficient way of getting money out of the company than to pay employer pension contributions.

5. When should I start thinking about retirement?

There are different facets to ‘thinking about retirement’.

While it’s advisable to start saving for retirement as early as possible, to allow your investments to benefit from more time in the market and compounding, when it comes to the more detailed planning aspects described above, Rimmer said many people start to give it serious thought in their 40s.

They’re likely earning more, their kids may be a little older, school fees may be behind them, a deposit was saved and mortgage payments are underway.

Plus, if you take the State Pension age as 67 or 68, then to start thinking about it 20-25 years out feels near enough to be relevant, while allowing plenty of time to get organised.

In terms of reviewing your investments, both advisers suggest at least five to seven years out from the age you hope to retire. This allows time to understand if you’re on track to meet your objectives and if not, allow time for any adjustments. These might include saving more, taking more risk to increase your potential returns or restructuring any investments into more tax-efficient accounts.

Two savers have woken up millionaires after NS&I confirmed the winners of June’s Premium Bonds prize draw.

The first person to get £1 million is from Leeds and won with the bond number 662EK268242. They bought the winning bond in February 2026 and have £42,425 in Premium Bonds.

The second person to win the top prize is from Cheshire and West Chester, purchasing their winning bond of 573GA618329 in March 2024. They have a total holding of £33,800.

It is the fifth time someone from Leeds has won the top £1 million prize and the second time someone from Cheshire and West Chester has bagged the jackpot.

Both this month’s £1 million prize winners will have received a knock on the door by Agent Million, an anonymous NS&I employee that travels the country to inform jackpot winners of their newfound wealth.

While June’s jackpot winners have already been announced, Premium Bonds holders can find out they’ve won smaller prizes from 2 June.

How many prizes will be issued in June’s monthly draw?

Just under six million tax-free prizes will be paid to Premium Bonds prize draw winners worth a total of £376,627,975 in June.

This month, there were 136,955,621,672 £1 Bonds eligible for the draw.

While just two people won £1 million in June, 71 £100,000 prizes will be paid out, as well as 143 payments of £50,000. Over 2.8 million prizes worth £25 will be awarded.

The table below shows the breakdown of Premium Bonds prizes in June:

Credit: NS&I

How to check if you’ve won in June’s prize draw

NS&I’s Agent Million will inform the Premium Bonds prize draw jackpot winners of their win in person.

NS&I says bond holders can check if they have won prizes ranging from £25 to £100,000 the day after the first working day of each month. You can check using the Premium Bonds prize checker app, by visiting the NS&I website or by asking Alexa. For June 2026, Premium Bonds holders can check from 2 June.

The prize checker app and website will show you prizes you’ve won that month, anything you’ve won in the previous six draws and any older prizes you haven’t claimed yet. Just make sure you’ve got your bond or NS&I number to hand so you can access your account.

As Premium Bonds do not expire, it may be worth checking if you have any prizes waiting for you even if you bought them years ago.

NS&I says over 99% of prizes have been paid to winners since draws began in 1957, but there are still millions of unclaimed Premium Bonds prizes.

For example, there is a £25,000 prize from June 2023 yet to be claimed in Cheshire & West Chester.

We look at the alternatives to Premium Bonds in a separate piece.

If you can understand compound interest, inflation and risk diversification, then you’re probably doing alright when it comes to managing your money effectively.

Yet, only 28% of UK adults can explain these three financial concepts correctly, according to a large-scale study, Number Nation.

The survey of 10,000 people was run by The Richmond Project charity set up by former prime minister Rishi Sunak and his wife Akshata Murty.

The study, one of the biggest of its kind, shows that millions are at risk of making poor financial decisions around retirement, savings and investing without the basic level of knowledge.

For example, this is often apparent when people stick to cash savings, thinking it is ‘safer’ and ‘risk-free’, when in fact, inflation can erode the value of cash. Without the understanding of risk diversification, taking steps into investing can feel difficult, and ultimately, not knowing how compounding works can reduce wealth accumulation.

The questions, originally developed by professor Annamaria Lusardi of Stanford University and professor Olivia Mitchell of the Wharton School, are the globally accepted benchmark for evaluating basic financial knowledge which every adult should grasp to have the right level of confidence.

But in the UK, only 28% fully pass the test and four in 10 fall into the poor or very poor categories overall, answering none or one of the questions correctly about how inflation, compounding and risk-diversification works.

Watch the MoneyWeek Talks podcast interview with Rishi Sunak and Kalpana Fitzpatrick where he discusses these core concepts and why everyone can be better with maths.

Rishi Sunak, co-founder of The Richmond Project, stressed that while the lack of financial literacy is not a personal failing, “it is a structural problem with measurable economic consequences – for individuals, for families and for our country”.

How poor is financial literacy in the UK?

When compared to other countries, the UK is by far one of the worst compared to Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Australia, Canada and Finland which have some of the highest levels of understanding of the core concepts.

“The UK is falling behind our competitors. But there’s no reason why we can’t have as good financial literacy as Germany or the Netherlands. Closing this gap must be a priority, not an afterthought,” Sunak said.

The financial literacy gap

The Number Nation study also found that men did better than women when it came to grasping key concepts.

In particular, it found the gap widening in midlife, from around 10 percentage points in early adulthood to 22 percentage points by ages 45 to 54.

But for women, this could mean they end up making poorer decisions at a time when retirement planning, mortgages and childcare costs come heavily into play.

The UK’s gender gap in financial literacy is the second widest out of 30 OECD countries.

Financial education in schools

The UK is set to introduce financial education in schools as part of the national curriculum by 2028.

The Richmond Project said it is working with the Department for Education to help with the development of the new financial literacy curriculum for schools, in particular when it comes to understanding the ‘big three’ – inflation, compound interest and risk diversification.

Inheritance tax is a tricky topic. Taboos around speaking about money and the emotion that comes with thinking about death create a perfect storm for misunderstanding it. But with such complex rules around inheritance, it is a topic well worth talking about – and sooner rather than later.

Lisa Conway-Hughes, a certified financial adviser and founder of LCH Wealth, speaks to Kalpana Fitzpatrick on MoneyWeek Talks about how the inheritance tax regime is changing from April 2027. She reveals her biggest trick to help protect your pension. Tune in now on YouTube or on most podcast platforms.

About the podcast

MoneyWeek Talks is a podcast that helps you unlock the secrets to financial success. Editors Kalpana Fitzpatrick and Andrew Van Sickle are joined by influential guests – from CEOs and entrepreneurs to economists and policymakers – to share their top tips on managing money, investing wisely and building wealth.

Subscribe to the MoneyWeek Talks podcast and get ready to make it, keep it and spend it with confidence.

Elon Musk is an abrasive and frequently infuriating presence and is the focal point of loathing for the establishment. In the UK, members of the Labour cabinet view him as a threat to the administrative order. Yet he is a living example of the Great Man theory of history; “great” meaning a person of consequence, rather than good. The theory is that a single, determined will can move humanity more than the masses. The modern world would rather fiddle and legislate while Elon Musk seeks to act and solve civilisational challenges.

No number of committee meetings could conjure a Starship booster returning from the edge of orbit. This skyscraper-sized rocket fell through the sky only to be plucked to safety by mechanical chopsticks. A decade ago, this would have appeared only in science fiction, but today it is a reality. This is just one example of the way Musk's maniacal focus pushes the boundaries of the possible. Musk has many detractors, particularly in political circles. But politicians curate their personas to seek approval; people like Musk actually drive progress. History will record the man who caught the skyscraper-sized rocket long after his critics are forgotten.

Elon Musk is dedicated to human progress

Musk was already very rich by the age of 27 after netting $22 million from the sale of his first business, Zip2. The sale of PayPal a few years later made him another $180 million. He was barely 30 and possessed enough wealth to purchase a private island and vanish from public view. Instead, he chose to dedicate himself to “the mission” of human progress. He views wealth as fuel for missions rather than a reward for success.

He founded SpaceX and funded Tesla as attempts to solve humanity's challenges. He viewed the stagnation of aerospace and the slow development of electric cars as problems that required a focused, engineering-based response. By committing $100 million to rockets and $70 million to electric vehicles, he bet most of his wealth that he could solve the problems. He couldn't do this alone, but his willingness to bet big acted as a radical sorting mechanism for recruitment. Elite engineers joined because they recognised a founder willing to risk bankruptcy in the pursuit of a better future.

In 2008 the dream almost ended as both firms spiralled toward collapse. SpaceX had endured three launch failures and could afford one more failure before bankruptcy. Tesla was weeks away from exhausting its cash. Musk was borrowing money for rent while sleeping on factory floors to supervise production. Many would sacrifice one company to save the other, but he refused. Only a contract win from US space agency Nasa prevented liquidation. This helped create a culture in his companies that treats adversity as a mere stepping stone towards achieving the objective.

“Idiot Index”: the key to Elon Musk's success

The key to his success is to focus on what is possible, not what has been done before. Musk operates on the principle that “the only rules are the ones dictated by the laws of physics. Everything else is a recommendation”. His method is to strip a problem down to fundamental parts and then reason towards the goal. Most managers make incremental changes to existing models; Musk rejects precedent, believing the way things have always been done is irrelevant to the way they should be. He applies a metric known as the “Idiot Index” to maintain this discipline. This measures the ratio of a finished product's cost to the costs of its raw materials. A high ratio, such as is typical for space rockets, indicates an inefficient process. Musk expects his engineers to identify the best and worst parts of their systems through this lens at all times. This approach allowed Tesla to cut battery costs and manufacturing time by focusing on the component elements, not simply the price of the finished product.

He puts these principles into practice through five steps. First, question every step in the process and seek out flaws. Second, cut out any unnecessary part or process. Third, simplify or optimise, but only after part two is exhausted so as to avoid optimising a process that should not be there. Fourth, accelerate. Fifth and finally, automate. This sequence ensures engineers never waste effort on perfecting an irrelevance.

The Tesla Giga Press is an example. Traditionally, car manufacturers built underbodies by welding 70 or more separate parts together. Most accepted this complexity because they followed tradition. Musk looked at the simplicity of toy car manufacturing and wondered why full-sized vehicles were not cast as single pieces. He commissioned the creation of the largest casting machines in the world to produce a car underbody in one operation. This eliminated hundreds of robots from the production line and drastically improved structural rigidity. By scaling up the logic of a toy, he proved that a better, cheaper and stronger vehicle could be built more quickly and with fewer potential areas for failure.

Twitter layoffs illustrated Price's Law

The acquisition of Twitter (now called X) and the changes brought about there was an experiment in Price's Law. This states that in any productive domain, the square root of the total number of people involved produces 50% of the results. So in a firm of 10,000 people, 100 individuals would account for 50% of the total value. This suggests that most people in a large workforce are redundant. When Musk reduced the headcount at Twitter by 80%, critics predicted a collapse. They assume that productivity is a function of the number of hours worked by the average employee. Price's Law reveals that productivity is concentrated in a tiny elite.

Price's Law is a counter to Marxian economics, which assumes that the worth of a product derives from the labour time required to produce it, seeing progress as a collective process. Musk works on the idea that you should only employ the real talent. Even then, once an employee is no longer driving the mission forward, they are replaced by someone who will. In X, he maintained the output of the platform while shedding the bureaucratic weight that had stifled innovation. The results were a faster and more feature-rich platform.

The modern Western world is choked by layers of managers managing managers who contribute nothing useful. These individuals thrive on the belief that committees lead to better outcomes. In high-stakes engineering and innovation, however, the many are a burden on the few who actually build. This “special forces” model of management prioritises individual brilliance over collective averages. By identifying and motivating this core, Musk forces a level of productivity that bureaucracies can't replicate.

Elon Musk has achieved orbital hegemony

Musk is perhaps best known for his relationship with Donald Trump or his management of Tesla, but his most impressive achievement is SpaceX. SpaceX has achieved a global monopoly through sheer competence. By 2025, SpaceX was responsible for delivering about 90% of the total weight of usable cargo moved into space. Most of the rest was handled by China. Musk achieved this by refusing to accept the “aerospace welfare state” that had defined the industry. Since the 1960s, firms such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin operated under cost-plus contracts, a system that essentially rewarded inefficiency where the government reimburses all costs and adds a guaranteed fee for profit, ensuring that the longer a project overran, the more the contractor was paid.

Musk set SpaceX's engineers to build rockets that were not just functional, but also economically superior. The result was to go back to first principles on every conceivable part of a space rocket, from materials used, to complexity of design and, most notably, reusability. Before SpaceX, throwing away a multi-million-dollar rocket after a single flight was normal. Musk viewed this as an absurdity, akin to discarding a Boeing 747 after a one-way trip across the Atlantic. SpaceX pioneered the landing and reuse of boosters and has reduced the cost of access to space by an order of magnitude. The Pentagon estimates that this shift has already saved the US taxpayer more than $40 billion in procurement costs.

The difference between SpaceX's “special forces” engineering culture and Boeing's bureaucracy is clear when you compare their passenger spacecraft. Despite receiving billions more in funding, Boeing's programme was plagued by years of delays and emergency technical failures, while SpaceX's leaner team delivered a reliable service for 60% less cost per seat. This performance gap continues to widen. The introduction of the SpaceX Starship V3 is intended to enable full reusability. Each engine generates more thrust than a jumbo jet, while the system is designed to be flown, landed and relaunched with high frequency. Soon SpaceX might render traditional expendable rockets obsolete.

Elon Musk's superpower

Ten years ago, Elon Musk was influential but relatively uncontroversial; his alignment with Trump has since made him a more polarising figure. But this political foray too reflects an engineering mindset rather than a thirst for office. Musk views the US state as a legacy system suffering from bloat. He applied his management process to the federal bureaucracy with characteristic ruthlessness. An initial audit uncovered “zombie payments” worth hundreds of billions of dollars. These funds were being sent to individuals who were either deceased, or, according to government records, not born yet. This foray into public service was only ever temporary and he completed a 100-day contract. His reason for doing it was that he believed it was the right thing to do. He didn't care that alignment with Trump would draw fury.

Musk believes that one of his greatest powers is simply not caring what people think of him. This insulation stems from his neuro-atypicality. Musk, who has said he has Asperger syndrome, tends to prioritise data over social cues; ignoring consensus and focusing on physical constraints, often treating social norms as secondary to progress. In the UK, energy secretary Ed Miliband has branded Musk a “dangerous person” and told him to keep out of this country and its politics. The irony is that Miliband, a man who has spent his entire professional life in non-jobs and a zealous proponent of net-zero, is criticising the man who has done more for sustainable energy through Tesla and SolarCity (yet another of Musk's firms) than any person alive. British ministers talk about some better future, but it's people like Musk who are building it. Politicians can only legislate, they can't magic into existence space-based clean energy (another of Musk's missions).

Let history be the judge of Elon Musk

Musk is a difficult man. We should not expect him to be easy or agreeable, as such traits are rarely found in those who actually change the world. If it were not for people like him dreaming about what is over the next hill, humanity would still be a small group of cavemen huddled together in fear. History will judge Musk by the 250-tonne rocket he caught and the progress he forced, not by the social approval he never sought.

This article was first published in MoneyWeek's magazine. Enjoy exclusive early access to news, opinion and analysis from our team of financial experts with a MoneyWeek subscription.